Discussion
A transformer reaches its maximum efficiency when
Answer: C
Correct answer: the copper loss equals the iron loss
Efficiency is maximised where the variable loss equals the constant loss. Differentiating the efficiency expression with respect to load gives exactly that condition, and it corresponds to a loading of \( \sqrt{P_i/P_{cu,fl}} \). Transformers expected to run lightly loaded much of the time are therefore designed with the maximum placed below full load.
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