Discussion
An example for lossless propagation is :
Answer: D
Lossless propagation is not practically possible.
Lossless propagation requires a perfect conductor and a perfect dielectric: \(\sigma = \infty\) for the guiding walls or \(\sigma = 0\) for the medium. Every real conductor has finite conductivity, so currents in it dissipate power, and every real dielectric has some loss tangent. Lossless lines and guides are useful idealisations for analysis, but some attenuation always occurs in practice.
Dielectric waveguides such as optical fibre have very low loss but still attenuate, about 0.2 dB/km at 1,550 nm. Conductor propagation has ohmic loss, and cavity resonators have finite Q because of wall losses.
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