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An integration over a region is to be carried out in the spherical system. The element of volume to be used is

  • A.\( r^2 \sin\theta \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi \)
  • B.\( r \sin\theta \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi \)
  • C.\( r^2 \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi \)
  • D.\( r^2 \cos\theta \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi \)

Answer: A

The two angular arc lengths are \( r \, d\theta \) and \( r \sin\theta \, d\phi \), and multiplying them by \( dr \) gives the element. Integrating it over the full ranges returns \( 4\pi r^3/3 \), which is the check worth remembering.

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