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Which two contributions make up the vorticity in natural coordinates?

  • A.Divergence and deformation, which together describe how a fluid element changes shape as it moves
  • B.Rotation and translation
  • C.Advection and the local rate of change, which together make up the material derivative of the flow
  • D.Curvature and shear

Answer: D

Written in natural coordinates, vorticity is the sum of a curvature term, the speed divided by the radius of curvature, and a shear term, minus the cross-stream derivative of the speed. This decomposition is extremely useful in synoptic analysis because it lets vorticity be estimated by eye from the shape and spacing of the streamlines. Divergence and deformation are the other two components of the velocity gradient tensor. The shared properties explain why these belong to one family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.

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