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Which circulation does the solenoidal term generate in a sea breeze?

  • A.No circulation
  • B.A circulation confined entirely to the vertical plane parallel to the coastline rather than across it
  • C.A direct circulation with onshore flow at the surface
  • D.An indirect circulation with the colder maritime air rising above the warmer air over the land nearby

Answer: C

Daytime heating makes the land warmer than the sea, so isotherms tilt across the isobars and the solenoidal integral drives a thermally direct circulation with air rising over land and flowing onshore near the surface. The return flow aloft closes the loop. An indirect circulation would require work to be done against buoyancy, and the whole point of the solenoidal term is that it generates the direct sense spontaneously. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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