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Which disadvantage follows from vorticity being a second derivative of height?

  • A.The field becomes discontinuous
  • B.The field loses its physical meaning wherever the flow departs appreciably from geostrophic balance
  • C.Analysis noise is amplified
  • D.The field cannot be computed at all in regions where the observation network is sparse or absent

Answer: C

Differentiating twice amplifies small-scale error, so a vorticity field derived from an imperfect height analysis contains a great deal of noise that must be filtered before use. Computation is possible wherever an analysis exists, however imperfect, and the field remains continuous. The relative vorticity of the actual wind is well defined regardless of balance, though its geostrophic estimate does degrade. Reading the definition literally, rather than recalling a formula, is the reliable route through questions of this shape.

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