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Which additional physics does a baroclinic model include?

  • A.Surface friction, which is what allows the model to represent the spin-down of a decaying vortex
  • B.Radiation
  • C.The variation of the Coriolis parameter with latitude, which is absent from every barotropic formulation
  • D.Vertical motion and temperature advection

Answer: D

A baroclinic model carries at least two levels so that vertical motion, temperature advection and the conversion of available potential energy can be represented, which is what permits development. Friction and radiation are optional additions rather than the defining difference. The beta effect is present in barotropic models too and is indeed what allows them to propagate Rossby waves at all. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour.

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