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Discussion

Consider the following statements about the vorticity equation.

1. The stretching term dominates at synoptic scales.

2. The tilting term is central to supercell dynamics.

3. The solenoidal term is large in pressure coordinates.

Which of the statements given above is or are correct?

  • A.1, 2 and 3
  • B.1 and 2 only
  • C.1 and 3 only
  • D.2 and 3 only

Answer: B

The first two statements are correct. The solenoidal term is in fact very small when pressure is used as the vertical coordinate, because pressure surfaces are then coordinate surfaces and the term nearly vanishes. That is one of the practical advantages of pressure coordinates for synoptic work, and it is why the synoptic vorticity budget is usually written with only advection, stretching and friction retained. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted. Most errors here come from carrying a result across from a neighbouring case where it does not hold. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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