Discussion
Which timescale characterises Ekman spin-down of a synoptic vortex?
Answer: D
The spin-down time is the depth of the troposphere divided by the Ekman pumping velocity, which works out at roughly 4 days for typical mid-latitude values. That is far shorter than molecular diffusion would give and matches the observed lifetime of decaying systems, which is the empirical check that makes the theory convincing. Boundary layer adjustment and turbulent mixing operate on much shorter timescales. The shared properties explain why these belong to one family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.
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