Discussion
Which measure of the flow describes stretching along one axis and compression along another?
Answer: C
Deformation has two components, stretching and shearing, and together they describe how a fluid element is distorted in shape without any change of area or any net rotation. It is the component of the velocity gradient tensor responsible for frontogenesis, since it can concentrate isotherms into a narrow zone. Divergence changes area, vorticity produces rotation, and circulation is an integral measure rather than a local one. Framing the question as which quantity the change acts upon makes the answer follow without calculation.
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