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Which angle between the dilatation axis and the isotherms gives maximum frontogenesis?

  • A.Zero degrees, with the axis parallel to the isotherms
  • B.Ninety degrees, with the axis lying perpendicular to the isotherms across the temperature gradient
  • C.Forty five degrees
  • D.An angle that depends on the strength of the deformation rather than on its orientation to the field

Answer: A

Frontogenesis is greatest when the dilatation axis is parallel to the isotherms, since the flow then converges most directly across the temperature gradient, and it changes sign beyond forty five degrees. Beyond that angle deformation acts to spread the isotherms apart instead. Knowing the critical angle allows a forecaster to judge from the flow pattern alone whether a temperature gradient is being sharpened or weakened. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.

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