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Which combination describes the structure of a real tornado?

  • A.Alternating annular regions of high and low vorticity spaced regularly outward from the axis of rotation
  • B.A rotational core surrounded by an irrotational outer flow
  • C.An irrotational core surrounded by a region of solid body rotation extending outward for some distance
  • D.Uniform vorticity throughout

Answer: B

The Rankine combined vortex, with solid body rotation inside the radius of maximum wind and an irrotational profile outside it, is the standard idealisation and matches observation reasonably well. The vorticity is therefore concentrated in the core. An irrotational core would be singular at the axis, uniform vorticity would give solid body rotation at all radii, and annular structures occur transiently in some intense vortices but are not the basic model.

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