Discussion
Which of the following is not a water softning process ?
Answer: C
The process that does not soften water is coagulation using aluminium sulfate.
Hardness is caused by dissolved calcium and magnesium ions. Coagulation with alum makes suspended particles clump together so they can settle; it removes turbidity, not dissolved hardness.
The others remove calcium and magnesium: reverse osmosis forces water through a membrane that holds back the ions, ion exchange resins swap them for sodium or hydrogen ions, and Clark's process adds lime to precipitate temporary hardness as calcium carbonate.
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