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Permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling because it is due to

  • A.dissolved carbon dioxide
  • B.suspended clay particles
  • C.sulphates and chlorides
  • D.bicarbonates alone

Answer: C

These salts are unaffected by heat and remain in solution however long the water is boiled, so they must be removed chemically by lime-soda, zeolite or ion exchange. It is for that reason also called non-carbonate hardness.

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