Discussion
Which factor primarily determines the maximum photon energy in an X-ray tube ?
Answer: C
The maximum photon energy is set by the tube voltage (kVp).
An electron accelerated through a peak potential of V kilovolts arrives at the anode with a kinetic energy of V keV. The most energetic bremsstrahlung photon it can produce carries all of that energy, so the spectrum ends at E max = kVp in keV. A 100 kVp tube produces photons up to 100 keV.
Tube current (mA) and exposure time change the number of photons, not their maximum energy. Filtration removes low-energy photons and raises the average energy, but it does not change the upper limit.
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