Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The answer is Cooperative Societies, as the Commission's key has it.

Democratic member control is a defining principle of cooperatives: each member has one vote however many shares or how much business, so power rests with people and not with capital.

In commercial banks and private companies, votes follow shareholding (one share, one vote), so they do not work this way. A caution: Producer Companies under the Companies Act also give each member one vote, so D is also true, but the phrase is the classic cooperative principle, which is why C is the keyed answer.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The feature that is not a characteristic is Single seller control the market.

Perfect competition requires many buyers and sellers, each too small to affect the price, a homogeneous product so that buyers do not prefer one seller's goods, and free entry and exit of firms, along with perfect knowledge and mobility. Agricultural markets for commodities like wheat come close to this model.

A single seller controlling the market is monopoly, the opposite of perfect competition. The other three options are the standard characteristics of perfect competition.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The MSP for Grade A paddy in 2025-26 was ₹ 2389 per qtl.

For the kharif marketing season 2025-26 the Government of India raised the minimum support price of paddy by ₹ 69 a quintal: common paddy to ₹ 2369 and Grade A paddy to ₹ 2389. The Grade A rate is always ₹ 20 above the common rate.

₹ 2369 is therefore the rate for common paddy, the near miss in the options. ₹ 2775 and ₹ 3699 are far above any paddy MSP announced for that season.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The CACP was established, under that name, in 1985.

The Agricultural Prices Commission was set up in January 1965 to advise the government on price policy for agricultural produce. In 1985 it was renamed the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), reflecting its wider mandate to take costs of cultivation into account. It recommends the minimum support prices of the major crops.

1965 is the trap: it is the founding year of the predecessor body, not of the CACP. 1955 and 1975 match neither event.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The price guarantee is the Minimum Support Price.

The Minimum Support Price (MSP) is announced by the government, on the recommendation of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, before the sowing season. It assures farmers that if market prices fall below that level, the government will buy their produce at the MSP, which encourages them to grow the crop.

The procurement price is what the government pays when buying for its stocks, the issue price is what the public distribution system charges consumers, and the equilibrium price is set by market supply and demand. None of them is announced in advance as a guarantee.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The purpose is to provide credit from multiple sources for various agricultural needs.

Under the multi-agency approach to rural credit adopted in India from the late 1960s, cooperatives, commercial banks and later the regional rural banks all lend to agriculture, with NABARD refinancing them. Using several institutions together widens the reach of formal credit, covers short-term crop loans and long-term investment loans, and reduces farmers' dependence on moneylenders.

Restricting credit to large farms, raising interest rates or eliminating agricultural credit are the opposite of the system's aims.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The price of an agricultural input is mainly determined by demand and supply in the market.

In a market economy the price of inputs such as seed, labour, machinery and most fertilisers settles where the quantity demanded by farmers matches the quantity supplied by producers and traders. A rise in demand at sowing time, or a fall in supply, pushes the price up.

Government intervention, such as fertiliser subsidies, and international trade policies can shift prices, but they act through supply and demand rather than replacing it, so 'only' makes the first option wrong. Farm size affects how much a farmer buys, not the market price of the input.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Women make up about 37% of agricultural workers.

The Census of 2011 counted about 263 million agricultural workers: around 118.8 million cultivators and 144.3 million agricultural labourers. Of these, about 36 million cultivators and 61.6 million labourers were women, roughly 98 million in all.

\[ \frac{98}{263} \times 100 \approx 37\% \]

20% understates women's role, and 47% and 50% overstate it. The figures also show that most women in agriculture work as labourers rather than as cultivators.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The Central AGMARK Laboratory is at Nagpur.

The Central Agmark Laboratory, under the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, is located at Nagpur, Maharashtra. It is the apex laboratory of the AGMARK network: it tests samples of graded commodities, develops methods of analysis and supports the framing of grade standards. A network of regional Agmark laboratories works under it.

Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai have regional laboratories and offices of the Directorate, but not the central laboratory.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Such a market is a Terminal market.

A terminal market is where the produce reaches the end of its marketing chain: it is either sold to consumers or processors or assembled for export. Large city markets and port markets are examples.

A primary market (rural assembling market) is where farmers first sell their produce, and a secondary market is a wholesale market in a district town where produce assembled from primary markets is traded. A seaboard market is a port market dealing in imports and exports and is one kind of terminal market, but the general name for the definition is terminal market.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The best strategy is crop diversification.

Growing several crops, or crops together with livestock, spreads the risk: a drought, pest outbreak or fall in price seldom hits all enterprises equally, so a loss in one is offset by returns from others. Diversification also improves soil health and evens out the use of labour and income through the year.

Monocropping concentrates all the risk in one crop. Increasing fertiliser use raises costs without protecting against weather or price risk. Delayed sowing usually reduces yield and can expose the crop to end-of-season stress, so it adds risk rather than reducing it.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The document is the Balance sheet.

A balance sheet, or net worth statement, lists what the farmer owns (assets such as land, buildings, machinery, livestock, stocks and cash) and what he owes (liabilities such as loans) on a particular date. The difference is the farmer's net worth, which shows the solvency of the business.

An income statement shows revenue and expenses over a period and the resulting profit. A cash flow statement shows the inflow and outflow of cash over time. A budget is a plan for the future. None of them is a snapshot of assets and liabilities at one point in time.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The term refers to the organisational set up under which a farm is run.

In farm management, a system of farming is the way a farm is organised in terms of ownership, management and the distribution of the produce. The standard systems are peasant farming, cooperative farming, collective farming, state farming and capitalistic farming; they differ in who owns the land, who decides and who receives the income.

The crop grown in a region describes the type of farming or cropping pattern, the machinery is part of the farm's resources, and the fertiliser applied is a management practice; none of them is the system of farming.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Farming that reduces risk is Diversified farming.

A diversified farm produces several enterprises, such as different crops, livestock, poultry and fish, none of which dominates its income. If one enterprise suffers from pests, weather or a fall in price, the others still bring in income, so the overall risk is spread.

Specialised farming depends on a single enterprise and is the riskiest. Mixed farming specifically combines crops with livestock and is one form of diversification, but the general term for risk reduction is diversified farming. Ranching is extensive grazing of livestock.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The elasticity of production exceeds one up to the point where APP is maximum.

The elasticity of production is the ratio of marginal to average physical product:

\[ E_{p} = \frac{MPP}{APP} \]

While MPP is above APP, \(E_{p} \gt 1\) and APP is still rising. APP reaches its maximum where it equals MPP, so \(E_{p} \gt 1\) throughout Stage I, up to that point. In Stage II \(E_{p}\) falls between 1 and 0, and in Stage III, beyond maximum TPP, it is negative.

At the point of equality of APP and MPP, \(E_{p}\) is exactly 1, not greater. Where TPP is maximum, MPP is zero and so is \(E_{p}\). The maximum of MPP lies inside Stage I and does not mark its boundary.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The variable cost is Seeds and Fertilizers.

Variable costs change with the level of production: if more land is sown or a crop is grown more intensively, more seed and fertiliser are needed, and if nothing is grown, nothing is spent on them. Labour, pesticides, irrigation charges and fuel are other variable costs.

Land rent, depreciation of the tractor and interest on fixed capital are fixed costs: they have to be borne whether the farm produces a little or a lot in the season.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Preparing a farm budget in advance is known as Farm budgeting.

Farm budgeting is the process of estimating, before the season, the expected costs, returns and profit of a farm plan, so that alternative plans can be compared and the most profitable chosen. A complete budget covers the whole farm.

Farm planning is the broader decision about what to produce and how, which budgeting then tests. Partial budgeting examines only the effect of a single change, such as adding an enterprise, and "advanced estimates" is not a farm management term.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The most commonly used method is the Straight line method.

In the straight line method, the cost of an asset minus its salvage value is spread equally over its useful life:

\[ D = \frac{C - S}{n} \]

where C is the cost of the asset, S its salvage value and n its useful life in years.

The same amount is charged every year, which makes it simple to calculate and the most widely used method in farm management accounts.

The diminishing balance and sum-of-years-digits methods charge more depreciation in the early years and are used where an asset loses value fastest when new, such as machinery. Annual revaluation suits assets such as livestock whose value is assessed each year.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

A smaller SEm indicates that the sample mean is more reliable estimate of the population mean.

The standard error of the mean measures how much sample means would vary if the experiment were repeated:

\[ \text{SE}_{m} = \frac{s}{\sqrt{n}} \]

where \(s\) is the standard deviation and \(n\) the number of observations or replications. A small value means sample means cluster closely around the true mean, so the estimate is precise; this is why adding replications in a field trial lowers the SEm.

A larger SEm, not a smaller one, would mean a less reliable estimate, so the second option is the reverse of the truth, and the two statements cannot both hold. Since one of them is right, 'None of the above' is also wrong.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The design is the RBD, the Randomised Block Design.

When soil fertility changes in one direction across a field, the experimenter forms blocks at right angles to the gradient, so that each block is as uniform as possible, and every treatment appears once, at random, in each block. The variation between blocks is then removed from the error, making comparisons more precise.

The CRD (completely randomised design) suits only uniform conditions such as pot trials. A Latin square handles gradients in two directions, and split-plot and strip-plot designs are for factorial experiments with differently sized plots, not for a one-way gradient.