Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

All three statements about ethnicity are correct, so the answer is All the above.

Ethnicity rests on a claim to a shared identity, which may rest on language, religion, history, geography or kinship. It can be expressed peacefully, as in a multicultural society, or through discrimination or violent confrontation.

Each of the first three options states one true part of this idea. Choosing any single one leaves out the other two statements that are also correct.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The book that was not written by Verrier Elwin is The Naked Nagas, printed in the paper as The Nacked Naga.

The Naked Nagas is by the Austrian anthropologist C. von Furer-Haimendorf, based on his work among the Konyak Nagas in the 1930s, so Elwin did not write it.

Elwin wrote The Baiga, The Muria and their Ghotul and Bondo Highlanders, studies of tribes of central and eastern India. Because the question asks for the book that is not his, A, B and C are all rejected.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The earliest evidence of an artificial habitation structure is at Terra Amata.

At Terra Amata, near Nice in France, excavators reported oval huts made of branches and stones, taken to be built by Homo erectus. This is the earliest structure of this kind among the options.

Torralba and Ambrona in Spain are known for elephant remains and signs of hunting. Kostienki and Molodova in eastern Europe have later Upper Palaeolithic dwellings built with mammoth bones, so they are younger.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The reconstruction of past subsistence activity is the aim of New Archaeology.

New or processual archaeology, associated with Lewis Binford, moved the aim of excavation from describing artefact types to explaining how past people lived, including what they ate and how they organised their food getting. It uses ecology and scientific methods to rebuild subsistence and settlement.

Typo-technology deals with the classification of tools by form and technique. Geo-chronology deals with dating and the age of deposits. Action archaeology is not a branch that is aimed at subsistence reconstruction, so these three are rejected.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The correct chronological order of the cultural traditions is Acheulian (Lower Palaeolithic), Mousterian (Middle Palaeolithic) and Magdalenian (Upper Palaeolithic), which is option C.

The other options place the Mousterian before the Acheulian, or place the Magdalenian, the latest of the three, before the Mousterian or in the middle.

The Acheulian is a Lower Palaeolithic handaxe tradition, the Mousterian is the Neanderthal flake tradition of the Middle Palaeolithic, and the Magdalenian is a late Upper Palaeolithic culture of Western Europe, known for bone tools and cave art.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

In sequence of time the stone tools run: the cleaver (Acheulian, Lower Palaeolithic), then the backed knife (Upper Palaeolithic), then the trapeze (a geometric microlith of the Mesolithic). So the order is Cleaver, Backed knife, Trapeze, option D.

The other options put the trapeze, a late microlith, first or second, or place the backed knife before the cleaver, which reverses the sequence.

The cleaver is a heavy tool with a straight cutting edge found in Acheulian sites. Backed knives are blades with one edge blunted to give a safe grip, and trapezes are small geometric microliths that were hafted into composite tools.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The rule of residence that is least common is avunculocal.

Avunculocal residence has a married couple live with or near the husband's mother's brother. It is found only in some matrilineal societies, such as the Trobrianders, and is thus rare. The paper prints the word as Avanculocal.

Bilocal, matrilocal and neolocal residence are each far more widely reported. Neolocal residence is the usual rule in industrial societies, and matrilocal is the commonest among matrilineal groups.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The correct matches are a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii. The Bushmen live by gathering and hunting, the Nuer are cattle pastoralists, the Kwakiutl of the north-west coast depended on fishing, and the Kukukuru (the printed spelling is Kujkuru) are horticulturists. The code is ii iv i iii, option D.

Options A, B and C make the Nuer fishers or horticulturists, or give the Bushmen pastoralism, which does not fit them.

In the options, a Bushman group with fishing, or Nuer with horticulture, would not fit the known ecology: the Nuer of the Sudan are well known from Evans-Pritchard's study of their cattle-centred life.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The custom by which a widower marries the sister of his deceased wife is the sororate, which keeps the alliance between the two families alive.

The levirate is the matching custom in which a widow marries her dead husband's brother. Polygyny and plural marriage describe the number of spouses and do not name this particular rule of replacement after a death.

The sororate and the levirate are often practised together as forms of replacement marriage, which keep the bond between the two kin groups when a spouse dies, and in some societies the widower or widow is expected to take the replacement.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The inheritance rule that makes the eldest child, usually the eldest son, the only heir is primogeniture.

Ultimogeniture gives the inheritance to the youngest child. Equigeniture divides it equally among the children. 'None of the above' is wrong since the first option fits exactly.

In primogeniture the heir takes the whole estate or title, and younger children are provided for in other ways or not at all. It is common in societies with strong lineage property, such as medieval European landholding families, and it keeps an estate from being divided.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The extended case study method, developed by the Manchester School (Max Gluckman, Victor Turner and others), follows a series of events over time and so is best suited to study the processual aspect of political organisation, how conflicts arise and are settled and how structures change.

A key informant interview, participant observation and a focus group discussion are useful for gathering information, but they capture a situation at a point in time or a person's view and do not follow a process through its sequence of events.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The key gives the order State, Region, Community, Village.

The key takes the units from the widest to the smallest, starting with the state, then the region and the community, and ending with the village. The question does not state its own direction, so the key is accepted as printed.

Option A starts with the village. Option B starts with the community and moves up and down. Option C starts with the region and puts the state in the middle. None of these is a steady sequence from one end to the other.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Morgan's sequence of the family is Consanguine, Punaluan, Syndyasmian, Monogamian.

In Ancient Society Morgan listed the consanguine family, based on the marriage of brothers and sisters, then the punaluan family, then the syndyasmian or pairing family, and last the monogamian family.

Option A runs the sequence in nearly the opposite direction, option B starts with the punaluan family, and option D puts the pairing family before the punaluan. None follow Morgan's scheme.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The sequence of economic organisation that follows the usual evolutionary order is gathering and hunting, fishing, pastoralism and cultivation, from the simplest subsistence types to the more complex ones. This is option A.

Option B puts fishing before gathering and hunting. Option C puts pastoralism first and the foraging forms last. Option D reverses the order entirely, with cultivation before foraging, which is not the evolutionary order.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The correct code is iv, i, ii, iii.

A polymorphic trait is a genetic variation (iv). An auto-immune disease is illustrated by rheumatoid arthritis (i). An I.Q. test is an intelligence measure (ii). Alcaptonuria is an inborn error of metabolism (iii).

Code A swaps the auto-immune disease with the inborn error. Code C pairs the polymorphic trait with the arthritis. Code D starts with the intelligence measure for the polymorphic trait. All three break at least one pair.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The correct matches are a-ii, b-iv, c-i, d-iii. Blood group A has the genotypes AA or AO, group B has BB or BO, group O is OO, and group AB is AB. The code is ii iv i iii, option D.

Options A and B pair group A with OO, which is group O. Option C gives group B the OO genotype, so it is wrong too.

Remember that the ABO blood groups are the phenotypes, the visible result that is tested with antisera, while the genotypes are the allele pairs behind them. A and B are dominant over O, so group A can be AA or AO and group B can be BB or BO, whereas O needs two O alleles and AB shows both A and B.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Both statements are correct. Goitre, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, is common among populations of the Himalayan region, where soil and water are poor in iodine. The reason is also true, since goitre is caused chiefly by iodine deficiency, which leads to a deficiency of thyroid hormone and an enlarged gland.

The other options call one or both false, and so are wrong.

Iodine is a part of thyroxine, so where the diet lacks it the pituitary keeps stimulating the thyroid and the gland swells. Mountain regions far from the sea, with leached soils, are classic goitre belts, which explains why Himalayan groups are affected.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The immediate response to exposure to a cold environment is vasoconstriction, the narrowing of the blood vessels of the skin and extremities. It reduces blood flow to the surface and so cuts heat loss from the body core within seconds of the exposure.

Thermogenesis (shivering and non-shivering heat production) is a later, supplementary response. Vasodilation is the heat-dumping response to warm conditions. Homeostasis is the general name for keeping the internal state steady, not a specific response to cold.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The descending order is Species, sub-species, population, individuals.

A species contains sub-species, a sub-species contains populations, and a population is made up of individuals, so the list runs from the widest group down to the unit.

Option B puts populations before sub-species, which reverses two levels. Option C starts with individuals and so is in ascending order. Option D runs from populations to species and also is not descending.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The process of evolution is a change in the genetic composition of a population over generations. Evolution in the biological sense is measured as a shift in gene (allele) frequencies, brought about by mutation, selection, drift and gene flow, so it is by definition a change, and it is carried by populations rather than by individuals.

Option A states the opposite of the definition. Option C is wrong because evolution is a dynamic process, never a static one. Option D is wrong because mutation is one of the main sources of new genetic variation on which evolution works.