Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

Correct answer: alternating bands of hard and soft rock

Streams erode the soft bands into strike valleys and run along them, joining the main stream at right angles where it cuts across the harder ridges. The rectangular pattern therefore records the structure beneath, and it is characteristic of dipping sedimentary rocks of alternating resistance.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Each level doubles the count along both axes, so level 3 has 8 by 8 tiles, which is 64. The general expression is 4 raised to the zoom level, or equivalently 2 to the zoom along each side, so the count grows very quickly indeed.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

Removing the displacement caused by terrain and camera tilt gives an image with a single consistent scale, so distances can be measured on it as on a map. An uncorrected photograph has a scale that varies across the frame.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Height requires two overlapping views, because it is derived from the displacement of a point between them. One photograph records position on a plane but says nothing about how far the ground stood above or below that plane.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Both are true and the reason gives the cause: a slide is scanned in seconds from across a room, so it needs fewer elements and heavier type, while a printed figure can reward the close study a reader is able to give it.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

An empty sea area or an unmapped corner can hold the legend without covering anything, and doing so leaves more of the sheet for the region. The judgement is whether the space is genuinely empty, not whether the practice is allowed.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Shared alignment tells the eye that the items belong to one group and lets it move between them without resetting. Scattered placement makes the same elements read as unrelated fragments, and the sheet then looks assembled rather than designed.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Both are true and the reason is the explanation. An inset is drawn at its own scale, so the main map’s scale bar does not apply to it; giving it a bar of its own is the only way to let it be measured. The link is direct: it is the difference in scale that creates the need.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Both are true and the reason gives the mechanism. A single ink screened at a series of percentages gives an ordered sequence of tints from pale to solid, which is exactly what ordered data needs. The map costs one plate rather than four, and a great many effective thematic maps have been printed this way.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

It means the land is low, and nothing more. The convention is so widely misread that map users often assume a green lowland is fertile, when the same tint covers the lowest parts of a desert just as readily as the richest floodplain.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Bertin's original set covers size, value, texture, colour hue, orientation and shape, together with the two dimensions of position. Transparency came into use later with digital display and is a modern addition rather than part of that scheme.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Size is read quantitatively: a circle twice the area is understood to represent more. Shape, hue and orientation are read as differences in kind rather than in amount, so they cannot carry a magnitude without a legend doing all the work.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

A river thirty metres across occupies less than a hundredth of a millimetre at 1:1,000,000, far below the minimum legible width. It is therefore drawn at an exaggerated width, so the symbol reports position faithfully but width not at all.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Both are true and the reason gives the cause: since flattening necessarily distorts, the printed ratio holds only along the lines the projection preserves, and it departs from the truth elsewhere, sometimes by a very large margin near the edges.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

It is the other way round. A large scale means a large representative fraction, so a small area is shown at considerable detail. Small-scale maps cover wide areas with correspondingly less detail, and the wording trips people constantly.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Correct answer: near the standard lines of the projection

The standard line or lines are where the projection surface meets the globe, so the scale there is true and the distortion is nil. It grows with distance from them, which is why a projection is chosen and centred so that its standard lines fall through the region being mapped. Corners and edges have no special status except that they are usually furthest from those lines.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

An equal-area projection reports every region at its correct proportion of the whole, which is what a map comparing the extent of countries or land cover requires. Shapes are stretched to achieve it, often noticeably at high latitudes.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

A map at any scale can hold only a fraction of what exists on the ground, so the cartographer decides what serves the map's purpose. Projection concerns geometry, georeferencing concerns position and digitising concerns capture.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The T-O form and the larger mappae mundi arranged the world around theological ideas rather than measured geography, frequently placing Jerusalem at the centre. Practical navigation was served instead by the portolan charts.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Abraham Ortelius assembled maps of uniform size and style into a single bound volume, which is what distinguishes an atlas from a collection of separate sheets. Mercator was his contemporary and gave the word atlas its modern sense.