Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The idea of a common Father and the common brotherhood of all human beings is the contribution of the theological school of thought. Religion teaches that all persons are children of one God, and from this it follows that every human being is entitled to equal respect and to certain basic rights.

Sociology studies social groups and institutions, Marxism explains rights through class relations and the economic structure, and utilitarianism judges laws by the happiness they produce. None of these rests on a common divine fatherhood.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Jeremy Bentham supported the theory of legal rights. He rejected natural rights as nonsense, and natural and imprescriptible rights as nonsense upon stilts, and held that rights are created by law and have no existence apart from it, on the principle of utility.

Natural right theory is the opposite of his view, historical right is the doctrine of the historical school of Savigny, and moral right is not the basis of his legal theory. So legal rights are his position.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The correct matching is a with ii, b with i, c with iv and d with iii. Raja Ram Mohan Roy campaigned for the abolition of sati, which was outlawed in 1829. Acharya Vinoba Bhave began the Bhoodan movement in 1951. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar worked for widow remarriage, which the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 made lawful, and Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875.

The other options swap two or more of the pairs, so only the first code matches all four reformers with their reforms.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The chronological order of the ILO conventions is collective bargaining, equal remuneration, worst forms of child labour and domestic workers. The Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (No. 98) is of 1949, the Equal Remuneration Convention (No. 100) of 1951, the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (No. 182) of 1999, and the Domestic Workers Convention (No. 189) of 2011.

So the sequence (iv), (iii), (i), (ii) is correct. The options beginning with domestic workers or the worst forms of child labour start with a later convention.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Article 48A, a Directive Principle added by the Forty-second Amendment, directs the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country. This is the Article that deals with forests.

Article 47 is about raising the level of nutrition and public health, Article 48 about organising agriculture and animal husbandry, and Article 43A about the participation of workers in the management of industries. None of them mentions forests.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The correct matching is a with iv, b with i, c with ii and d with iii. The right to constitutional remedies is Article 32, the protection of the interests of minorities is Article 29, the abolition of untouchability is Article 17, and equality of opportunity in public employment is Article 16.

The other codes assign the wrong article numbers to the rights, so only the first code is correct.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The Fundamental Rights are in Part III of the Constitution, from Article 12 to Article 35.

Part I is about the Union and its territory, Part II about citizenship, and Part IV about the Directive Principles of State Policy. Only Part III contains the Fundamental Rights, which are enforceable by the courts.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Karl Marx wrote Das Kapital, John Locke wrote Two Treatises on Civil Government, J.J. Rousseau wrote The Social Contract and James I wrote The Law of Free Monarchies. So the pairing is a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii.

Option A gives Marx The Social Contract, option B gives Locke The Social Contract, and option D gives Marx the Two Treatises. Each pairs at least one author with the wrong book. Rousseau's book is the one on the general will, and Locke's is the source of the idea of government by consent.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

After the 44th Amendment of 1978 removed the right to property from Part III, the Fundamental Rights run in this order: Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation and Right to Freedom of Religion, which is (iii), (i), (ii), (iv). Equality is in Articles 14 to 18, Freedom in 19 to 22, Exploitation in 23 and 24, and Religion in 25 to 28.

Option B starts with exploitation, option C starts with freedom, and option D puts religion before exploitation. The three do not follow the Articles.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Protective discrimination rests on Article 14, freedom of speech on Article 19, freedom of religion on Article 25 and the protection of linguistic minorities on Article 29. The match is a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i, option B. Option A places protective discrimination against Article 19, C pairs freedom of religion with Article 29 and minorities with Article 25, and D runs the numerals in order, which is not a correct match.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The Right to Education is guaranteed under Article 21-A, inserted by the Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002, which makes free and compulsory education for children aged six to fourteen a fundamental right.

Article 14 is equality before the law, Article 19 lists the freedoms such as speech and movement, and Article 21 is the protection of life and personal liberty. The Supreme Court read education into Article 21 in Unni Krishnan (1993), but the express guarantee is Article 21-A.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The National Human Rights Commission is a statutory body. It was set up under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, passed by Parliament, and it can be changed by amending that Act. It is not a constitutional body, because the Constitution itself does not create it the way it creates the Election Commission or the Union Public Service Commission. It is not an executive body, since it works independently of the government of the day, and it is not an NGO, because it is established by law and funded by the State. The answer is Statutory body.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The order of events is the Swadeshi Movement (1905) (i), the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) (iv), the Motilal Nehru Committee, whose report is of 1928 (ii), and the Quit India Movement (1942) (iii). So the sequence is i, iv, ii, iii.

The option that puts the Motilal Nehru Committee before Jallianwala Bagh is wrong because the committee came nine years after the massacre, and the options that start with Quit India or Jallianwala Bagh place later events first.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Section 2(1)(d) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 defines human rights as the rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India. So the order is life, liberty, equality and dignity, which is (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). The other options mix up the order of liberty, equality and dignity. The answer is (i), (ii), (iii), (iv).

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination outlaws hate speech most directly. Article 4 requires states to declare an offence punishable by law the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred and incitement to racial discrimination. The ICCPR also prohibits advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred in Article 20, but the key points to the racial discrimination convention as the one that outlaws it, while the ICESCR and the Convention on the Rights of the Child do not deal with hate speech. The answer is the Convention on Racial Discrimination.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Article 27 of the ICCPR protects the rights of persons belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities, in community with other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion and to use their own language. Participation in the political process is a different right, protected by Article 25 for every citizen and not a minority right. Options A, B and C are the three rights written in Article 27. The answer is To participate in political process.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The World Assembly on Ageing at Vienna was held in 1982.

The first World Assembly on Ageing met in Vienna in 1982 and adopted the Vienna International Plan of Action on Ageing, the first international instrument on ageing. The Second World Assembly on Ageing was held in Madrid in 2002.

1966 is the year of the two human rights covenants, 1972 that of the Stockholm conference, and 1993 that of the Vienna World Conference on Human Rights, which is a different Vienna meeting.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The first chairman was Justice Ranganath Mishra.

The National Human Rights Commission was set up on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Its first Chairperson was Justice Ranganath Mishra, a former Chief Justice of India, who served until 1996.

Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah followed him. Justice A.S. Anand chaired the Commission later, from 2003, and Justice Shivaraj Patil was a member, not the first chairman. Justice A.M. Ahmadi was Chief Justice of India and did not head the Commission.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The NHRC can inquire into complaints of both (A) and (B).

Section 12(a) of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 empowers the Commission to inquire, on its own motion or on a petition by a victim or any person on his behalf, into complaints of violation of human rights or abetment thereof, or of negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant.

Both limbs appear in the section, so either alone is incomplete. Violations by purely private, non-state actors fall outside this function as such.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

They are deemed to be Public Servants.

The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 provides that every Member of the Commission and of a State Commission, and every officer appointed or authorised by them to exercise functions under the Act, shall be deemed to be a public servant within the meaning of section 21 of the Indian Penal Code. This brings them under the criminal law that applies to public servants, including the protection and the accountability that go with that status.

'Public Officer' and 'Officer of Commission' are not the terms the Act uses, and 'None of the above' is ruled out because the Act states the deeming rule expressly.