Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

A digraph is a pair of letters representing a phoneme.

Examples are “sh” for /ʃ/ and “ch” for /tʃ/ in English, where two letters stand for one sound. The question prints the word as “diagraph”, a misspelling of digraph.

Options speaking of a pair of sounds or phones representing a phoneme or grapheme turn the relation around, because a digraph is a spelling device and the letters belong to the written level.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The phatic function. Roman Jakobson listed six functions of language, and the one that serves to open, keep up or check the channel of contact between speakers is the phatic function. Greetings such as “Hello”, “Can you hear me?” or remarks about the weather carry little information; their job is to establish or maintain contact.

The denotative (referential) function conveys information about the world, the emotive function expresses the speaker’s feelings, and the metalinguistic function uses language to talk about language itself. A sentence used only to make contact is therefore phatic.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The correct matching is a-i, b-iii, c-ii, d-iv, which is code (B) i iii ii iv.

In speech act theory a locution is the act of uttering a sentence with grammatical structure and meaning. The illocution is the speaker's intention in uttering it. The perlocution is the effect on the hearer. Expressives are the class of speech acts that show the speaker's psychological state or attitude, such as thanking or apologising.

Codes that make the locution the speaker's intention, or the perlocution the intention, mix up the three levels of the act.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The maxims of conversation within the cooperative principle were introduced by H.P. Grice, the philosopher of language. They are the maxims of quality, quantity, relation and manner.

Breal is known for early work on semantics, Labov for sociolinguistic studies of variation, and Roger Bell for work on sociolinguistics, so none of them introduced these maxims.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Sounds having open approximation are resonants, in the sense of vowel-like sounds, where the articulators are far enough apart for the air to pass without friction. Fricatives involve close approximation, with turbulence, and stops involve complete closure.

Affricates start with a stop closure and are released into a fricative, so they also do not have open approximation. Resonants is therefore the answer. The degree of closeness between the articulators is what the terms open and close approximation measure.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

A diphthong consists of a vowel changing in quality within a single syllable: the tongue glides from one vowel position towards another, as in the English words boy or how. It is a single vowel sound, even though it is spoken with two positions.

It is not two separate vowels in separate syllables, and it cannot contain a consonant, so the options with two consonants or with a vowel and a consonant are wrong. English examples are the vowels of the words buy, boy and now, in which the quality changes during the vowel.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

In the English word 'shoe' the 'sh' is pronounced with the lips rounded before the rounded vowel is reached, so the later vowel influences the earlier consonant. That is anticipatory coarticulation. Perseveration is the reverse, where the effect of an earlier sound carries on into a later one. Primary articulation is the main stricture, and double articulation is two strictures of equal degree at once, as in [kp]. So (B) is correct.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

From small to large the units are morpheme, word, phrase and sentence. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit, words are built from one or more morphemes, phrases are built from words, and sentences from phrases.

The other options break this hierarchy by placing the sentence before the phrase, the word before the morpheme, or the phrase before the morpheme, so only the third option follows the order of increasing size. The same ranking of units is used in morphology and syntax, where larger units are built from smaller ones.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The binary classification of translation into semantic and communicative translation was given by Peter Newmark. Semantic translation keeps close to the meaning and form of the source text, while communicative translation aims at the same effect on the target reader, which resembles Nida's formal and dynamic equivalence.

Nida is the author of the formal-dynamic pair itself, so he is not the one whose classification merely resembles it. Catford is known for the shifts and the theory of translation equivalence, and Jakobson for the three kinds of translation (intralingual, interlingual, intersemiotic).

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The correct match is Tibeto-Burman with Newari, Indo-Aryan with Kashmiri, Dravidian with Tulu and Munda with Santhali. These give a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii, option A.

Newari is a Tibeto-Burman language of Nepal, Kashmiri is Indo-Aryan, Tulu belongs to the Dravidian family of southern India, and Santhali is a Munda (Austroasiatic) language. Options B, C and D each pair at least two families with the wrong language, such as placing Santhali under Indo-Aryan or Tulu under Munda, so none of them is correct.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Morphologists divide morphemes into the types free, bound, zero and portmanteau, so option (D) is right. A free morpheme can stand alone as a word, a bound morpheme must attach to another, a zero morpheme has meaning but no sound, and a portmanteau morpheme carries several meanings in a single form. Option (A) lists parts of a word such as root, stem, prefix and suffix, which are not types of morphemes. Option (B) lists kinds of affix together with the allomorph, which is a variant of a morpheme. Option (C) lists Sanskrit grammatical terms.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

Both statements are true, option D. In Halliday's account of register, tenor is the relationship between the participants in a communicative event, such as their status and roles. Field (what is going on, the subject matter) and mode (the channel, such as spoken or written) are the two other variables of register, so they are related notions to tenor.

Options A, B and C each call at least one of these statements false, and so conflict with the standard three-part description of register by field, tenor and mode.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The matching is a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv. Phoneme belongs to structural phonology, which defines it as a contrastive unit of sound. Sonority is paired with generative phonology, where it is used in syllable structure. Wave length is a term of acoustic phonetics. High pitch is paired with tonology, the study of tone. Option (A) places phoneme under acoustic phonetics, which is wrong. Option (C) swaps the first two pairs. Option (D) places phoneme under tonology. Only (B) gives wave length to acoustic phonetics and high pitch to tonology together with the other two pairs.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The matching is a-iv, b-iii, c-i, d-ii. The items are Jakobson's pairs of opposites. Contiguity is paired with similarity, the two principles of arrangement. Combination is paired with selection, the two operations in forming a message. Encoding is paired with decoding, the speaker's and the hearer's sides. Concurrence is paired with sequence, simultaneous and successive arrangement. Option (B) pairs contiguity with decoding. Option (C) pairs contiguity with selection. Option (D) pairs contiguity with sequence and combination with decoding, which are not opposites.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The key takes the first statement as true and the second as false. The goals of typology are to find the ways in which languages are alike in structure and to determine how different human languages can be.

The second statement says typology is not a theory of language structure, which the key treats as wrong, because a typological classification does make claims about language structure. The option calling both true is rejected for that reason.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The social motivation of sound change is associated with William Labov. In his Martha's Vineyard (1963) and New York City (1966) studies he showed that changes are driven by social meaning, such as local identity or prestige, and spread unevenly across social groups.

J.L. Fischer studied social influences on the choice of a linguistic variant in a New England village, and Joshua Fishman is known for the sociology of language. Uriel Weinreich is known for work on language contact and, with Labov and Herzog, on a theory of change, but the association of social motivation with the names in the key is Labov.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The key picks the first pair, 'Disorders of primary functions, such as sight and hand : Sensory control', as the one that is not correctly matched. The pair gives the label sensory control to disorders of the primary functions of sight and hand, which the key does not accept as the right label.

The other three pairs are treated by the key as correctly matched: higher dysfunctions secondary to or associated with language disorder, higher dysfunctions related to lesions outside the prime language areas as extralinguistic disorders, and a generalised reduction in efficiency after brain damage. The question is kept as printed because the source of the scheme is not given.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Both statements are correct. Homonymy refers to cases where two different lexemes have the same shape, that is the same spelling or sound, with unrelated meanings. 'Bank' as a financial building and 'bank' as the ground by a river are the standard example, which supports the assertion as an illustration.

Options A, C and D each call at least one statement wrong, though the definition and the example are both standard in lexical semantics. Option B is the key.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Both statements are correct. Hiragana is a Japanese syllabary used together with katakana and kanji to write Japanese, mainly for grammatical endings, native function words and native words. Katakana is also a syllabary, used together with hiragana and kanji, and is mostly employed for loanwords, foreign names and emphasis.

Options A, C and D each declare one or both statements wrong, but the two descriptions are the same in structure and both are accurate. The key is option B.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The correct transcription is /'ti:tʃə(r)/. The word 'teacher' begins with the long vowel /i:/, written as the two-dot symbol, after the /t/, then the affricate /tʃ/ for 'ch', and a weak vowel schwa and optional /r/ at the end. The second option [titʃ] shows a short vowel and drops the final syllable, and the third and fourth options are not a transcription of this word.