Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The disorder is celiac sprue (coeliac disease).

In celiac disease the body reacts to gliadin, a part of the gluten protein in wheat, barley and rye. The immune reaction damages and flattens the villi of the small intestine, so nutrients are poorly absorbed, causing diarrhoea, weight loss and anaemia. Treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet.

Tropical sprue also causes malabsorption, but it occurs in tropical regions, is thought to follow infection, and responds to antibiotics and folic acid, not to removing gluten. Short bowel syndrome follows loss of intestine, usually by surgery. IBD (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) is chronic inflammation not caused by gliadin.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

CSM stands for Circulation, Sensation, Movement.

After bone surgery or the application of a plaster cast, the nurse checks the limb beyond the injury for circulation (colour, warmth, capillary refill and pulses), sensation (numbness or tingling) and movement (whether the fingers or toes can move). Changes can signal swelling compressing nerves and vessels, such as compartment syndrome.

The other options substitute cartilage, cells, synergy or muscle, which are not what the check examines.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The normal ranges are 136-145 mmol/L for sodium and 3.5-5.0 mmol/L for potassium.

Sodium is the main cation outside the cells and potassium the main cation inside them. A sodium level below about 135 mmol/L is hyponatraemia, and a potassium level below about 3.5 mmol/L is hypokalaemia; both can cause weakness, confusion and heart rhythm problems.

The ranges 116-125 and 126-135 are hyponatraemic, and 146-155 is hypernatraemic. The potassium ranges paired with them are likewise off the normal mark.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The right sequence is Vasoconstriction → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation → Fibrinolysis.

When a vessel is injured it first constricts to reduce blood flow. Platelets then stick to the exposed collagen and to each other, forming a temporary plug. The clotting cascade converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which reinforces the plug into a stable clot. Finally, once the vessel heals, fibrinolysis dissolves the clot.

The other options put coagulation before the platelet plug, or fibrinolysis first, which would dissolve a clot that has not yet formed.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The condition is Empyema.

Empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural cavity, usually following pneumonia, lung abscess or chest injury. It is treated with antibiotics and drainage of the pus.

Emphysema is a lung disease in which the alveoli are destroyed and overdistended. Atelectasis is collapse of part or all of a lung. Bronchiectasis is permanent dilation of the bronchi. None of them is a collection of pus in the pleural space.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : D

The neurotransmitter is dopamine.

Parkinson's disease results from the loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Without enough dopamine, the brain cannot control movement smoothly, causing tremor, rigidity and slowness. Treatment with levodopa works by replacing dopamine.

Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that lowers blood sugar, and oxytocin and prolactin are pituitary hormones concerned with childbirth and milk production. None of them is the neurotransmitter lost in Parkinson's disease.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The condition is Hydrocephalus.

Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, caused by blocked flow, poor absorption or excess production. The extra fluid usually raises intracranial pressure, and in infants it enlarges the head.

A head injury may raise intracranial pressure, but it is defined by trauma, not by excess CSF. A callus is the new bone formed at a healing fracture, and calculi are stones, such as kidney or gall stones.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The signs of heart attack are (i) and (ii), so the answer is Both (i) and (ii) are correct.

A heart attack typically causes chest pain, a crushing or squeezing pain that may spread to the left arm, jaw or back. The body's stress response also brings on sweating with wet, clammy skin, along with breathlessness, nausea and anxiety.

Joint pain is a feature of arthritis and other joint disorders, and yellow discoloration of the eyes is jaundice, a sign of liver disease or haemolysis. Neither is a sign of heart attack, so the options including (iii) or (iv) are wrong.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Arteriosclerosis means progressive degeneration of arteries.

Arteriosclerosis is the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls. It develops slowly over years, often with ageing, high blood pressure and atherosclerosis, which makes it a progressive degenerative change.

Arteries do not regenerate in this condition, which rules out both 'regeneration' options. The change is gradual rather than rapid, which rules out 'rapid degeneration'.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The client should fast for 6-8 hours before surgery.

Fasting empties the stomach so that the patient does not vomit and inhale gastric contents (aspiration) under anaesthesia. Standard practice is to withhold solid food for about 6 to 8 hours before an operation, with clear fluids allowed until closer to the time.

2-4 hours applies only to clear fluids, and 4-6 hours is too short for a meal. 8-10 hours is longer than needed and risks dehydration and low blood sugar.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The total surgical episode is the Perioperative period.

The perioperative period covers the whole surgical experience in three phases: the pre-operative phase from the decision to operate until the patient is moved to the operating table, the intraoperative phase during surgery, and the post-operative phase from admission to the recovery area until recovery is complete.

Each of the other options is only one of these three phases, not the whole episode.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : A

The correct matching is a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii.

A proctoscopy examines the rectum and anal canal (a-iii). A culdoscopy views the pelvic organs through an incision in the posterior vaginal wall (b-iv). A choledochoscopy looks into the common bile duct (c-i). A hysteroscopy examines the inside of the uterus (d-ii).

The other options pair at least one procedure with the wrong organ, such as putting choledochoscopy against the uterus or hysteroscopy against the vaginal wall.