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Midwifery and Obstetrical Nursing [ Question No: 1 To 20 ] :
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was passed in which year?
When was "MTP Act" implemented?
What period of pregnancy is the safest for Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) ?
Match the development of the foetus with the foetal period -
| i. Arms and legs move | a. 20 weeks |
| ii. Heartbeat is strong | b. 08 weeks |
| iii. Sucks thumb | c. 12 weeks |
| iv. Sex is distinguishable | d. 16 weeks |
Choose the most appropriate option from below :
Period from 3rd week to 8th week of pregnancy is termed as:
Embryo is enclosed with the following two membranes:
During pregnancy, a hormone that helps to grow breasts and withholds milk secretion until delivery is -
The weight of placenta at full term pregnancy is around :
______ scoring of newborn involves recording of the heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response and colour of infant.
Select the correct statement regarding APGAR score interpretation :
Total weight gain during the course of a singleton pregnancy for a healthy woman is around :
Infections of the vaginal passage, urethra, breast or windpipe after childbirth are termed as -
A sensation of rise of pressure in the breasts by milk experienced by the mother at the beginning of sucking is :
Type of abortion in which uterus expels all its contents by itself :
Pre-eclampsia is characterized by :
What is the definition of antepartum haemorrhage?
Artificial rupture of uterine membrane to induce labour is called :
Which is the correct sequence of labour? (Choose the most appropriate option from below)
What is the term used to describe the coordination between fundal contraction and cervical dilatation?
The process of expulsion of the foetus at the end of pregnancy is called :
Total number of questions : 20
Number of answered questions : 0
Number of unanswered questions : 20
Midwifery and Obstetrical Nursing [ Question No: 1 To 20 ] :
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was passed in which year?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The MTP Act was passed in 1971.
Parliament passed the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act in August 1971, following the recommendations of the Shantilal Shah Committee, and it came into force in 1972. It allows pregnancy to be ended by registered medical practitioners on specified grounds, and was amended in 2021 to raise the upper limit to 24 weeks for certain categories of women.
1968 is not right: the Act was in preparation then. 1970 is a year too early, and 1978 is not connected with the Act.
When was "MTP Act" implemented?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
The keyed answer is 1971.
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act was passed by Parliament in 1971 and came into force on 1 April 1972. It allows a pregnancy to be ended by a registered medical practitioner on specified grounds; it was amended in 2002 and 2021.
1971 is the Act's year, and 1972 is not offered. 1970 is a year too early, 1981 a decade late, and 1871 a century early.
What period of pregnancy is the safest for Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) ?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The safest period for medical termination of pregnancy is the first trimester.
Up to about 12 weeks the pregnancy can be ended by simple methods, with medicines in early weeks or by vacuum aspiration, and complications such as bleeding, infection and uterine injury are least frequent. The risk rises steadily with gestational age.
Second trimester termination needs more involved procedures and carries higher risk, and the MTP Act allows it only on stricter conditions. Termination in the third trimester is permitted only in exceptional cases such as substantial foetal abnormalities. 'Fourth trimester' is not a period of pregnancy at all; the phrase is used for the weeks after birth.
Match the development of the foetus with the foetal period -
| i. Arms and legs move | a. 20 weeks |
| ii. Heartbeat is strong | b. 08 weeks |
| iii. Sucks thumb | c. 12 weeks |
| iv. Sex is distinguishable | d. 16 weeks |
Choose the most appropriate option from below :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
The correct matching is i-b, ii-d, iii-a, iv-c.
- Arms and legs move: about 8 weeks, at the end of the embryonic period (b).
- Sex is distinguishable: about 12 weeks, when the external genitals have formed (c).
- Heartbeat is strong: about 16 weeks (d).
- Sucks thumb: about 20 weeks (a).
The first pair settles it: limb movement begins at about 8 weeks, and only one option matches arms and legs with 08 weeks. The other options put limb movement at 12, 16 or 20 weeks, after the foetus is already much more developed.
Period from 3rd week to 8th week of pregnancy is termed as:
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The 3rd to the 8th week is the embryonic period.
Prenatal development is divided into three periods. The germinal (ovular) period covers the first two weeks, from fertilization to implantation of the blastocyst. The embryonic period, weeks 3 to 8, is when all the major organs and body systems form, which is why exposure to drugs or infection is most harmful then. The foetal period, from week 9 to birth, is mainly growth.
'Ovular period' is the first two weeks, and the zygote is the single fertilised cell at the very start. 'Cellular period' is not a standard stage.
Embryo is enclosed with the following two membranes:
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The membranes are amnion inside and chorion outside.
The embryo floats in amniotic fluid inside the amnion, a thin inner membrane that cushions it against shocks and keeps its temperature steady. Around the amnion lies the chorion, the outer membrane, which forms the foetal part of the placenta.
The umbilical cord is a cord, not a membrane enclosing the embryo. The vas deferens and the prostate are parts of the male reproductive system. The last option names the amniotic sac as the outer layer, which is backwards.
During pregnancy, a hormone that helps to grow breasts and withholds milk secretion until delivery is -
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The keyed hormone is estrogen.
During pregnancy the placenta produces large amounts of estrogen. It makes the duct system of the breasts grow and, at these high levels, holds back the milk-producing action of prolactin. After delivery the placenta is expelled, estrogen levels fall sharply, and milk secretion begins.
Progesterone works alongside estrogen, mainly developing the milk-secreting alveoli, and also suppresses lactation; the paper's account credits estrogen with both effects. Gonadotropins control the ovaries and testes, and thyroxine regulates metabolism; neither prepares the breasts.
The weight of placenta at full term pregnancy is around :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The placenta weighs around 500 gm at term.
A mature placenta is a disc about 15 to 20 cm across and 2.5 to 3 cm thick, weighing roughly 500 g, about one-sixth of the weight of a term baby.
750 g, 1000 g and 1250 g are far heavier than normal. An unusually heavy placenta is seen in conditions such as maternal diabetes, hydrops or syphilis, so these figures describe abnormal rather than normal findings.
______ scoring of newborn involves recording of the heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response and colour of infant.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
It is the Apgar score.
Devised by Dr Virginia Apgar in 1952, the score rates a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth on five signs: Appearance (colour), Pulse (heart rate), Grimace (reflex response), Activity (muscle tone) and Respiration. Each gets 0, 1 or 2, giving a total out of 10; a score of 7 or more is normal.
'Neonatal Examination Index' and 'Developmental Index' are not the name of this score, and vital statistics are population figures such as birth and death rates.
Select the correct statement regarding APGAR score interpretation :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The correct statement is 0-3 score shows severe depression.
The APGAR score rates a newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflex irritability and colour from 0 to 2 each, for a total of 10. A score of 7-10 is normal (no depression), 4-6 shows moderate depression, and 0-3 shows severe depression needing immediate resuscitation.
So 7-10 cannot show severe depression, 4-6 is not 'no depression', and 0-3 is severe, not mild.
Total weight gain during the course of a singleton pregnancy for a healthy woman is around :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
The total weight gain is around 11 kg.
A healthy woman with a single foetus gains about 11 kg over the whole pregnancy. It is made up of the baby (about 3.3 kg), placenta, amniotic fluid, the enlarged uterus and breasts, the increased blood volume and extra fluid, and stored fat.
8 kg is too little for a woman of normal weight. 15 kg and 18 kg are well above the expected gain for a single pregnancy and would suggest excessive gain or fluid retention.
Infections of the vaginal passage, urethra, breast or windpipe after childbirth are termed as -
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
They are termed puerperal sepsis.
The puerperium is the period of about six weeks after childbirth. Puerperal sepsis is infection of the genital tract, and in a wider sense other infections such as of the urinary tract or breast, occurring in this period, often after unhygienic delivery practices. It shows as fever, foul-smelling discharge and lower abdominal pain, and is a major cause of maternal death.
Preeclampsia is high blood pressure with protein in the urine during pregnancy. Septicaemia is infection in the bloodstream from any source. Bacterial vaginosis is an imbalance of vaginal bacteria, not specific to childbirth.
A sensation of rise of pressure in the breasts by milk experienced by the mother at the beginning of sucking is :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
The sensation is called the Draught.
When the baby starts sucking, nerve impulses from the nipple make the pituitary release oxytocin, which contracts the cells around the milk alveoli and pushes milk into the ducts. The mother feels this milk ejection, or let-down reflex, as a tingling rise of pressure in the breasts, traditionally called the draught.
Breast engorgement is painful swelling of the breasts from milk that is not removed, usually a few days after delivery. 'Failure of reflexes' and 'insecurity mother' do not describe this normal sensation.
Type of abortion in which uterus expels all its contents by itself :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The keyed answer is inevitable abortion.
Inevitable abortion is the stage at which the process has gone so far, with the cervix opening and the membranes often ruptured, that the pregnancy cannot be saved and the uterus will expel its contents on its own. When the expulsion is finished, standard textbooks call it complete abortion, a term not offered here, so the paper's answer is the inevitable abortion leading to it.
Incomplete abortion is the opposite case, where some products of conception are left behind. Induced abortion is brought about deliberately, and septic abortion is one complicated by infection.
Pre-eclampsia is characterized by :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Pre-eclampsia is characterised by B.P. 140/90 mm of Hg or more with proteinuria.
In the classic definition, pre-eclampsia is new hypertension of 140/90 mm Hg or more after 20 weeks of pregnancy together with proteinuria, sometimes with oedema.
Hypertension of 140/90 without proteinuria is gestational hypertension. 130/90 is below the diagnostic threshold. A higher reading such as 160/100 is still only hypertension when there is no proteinuria, so it does not define pre-eclampsia either.
What is the definition of antepartum haemorrhage?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
Antepartum haemorrhage is bleeding from or into the genital tract after the 20th week of pregnancy but before the birth of the baby.
APH is defined by timing: it occurs after the age of foetal viability and before delivery. Its main causes are placenta praevia and abruptio placentae. Textbooks place the lower limit at 20, 24 or 28 weeks depending on the source; this option is the only one that describes bleeding in that window.
Bleeding after delivery is postpartum haemorrhage, and bleeding during labour is intrapartum haemorrhage. Bleeding before 20 weeks belongs to early pregnancy, such as abortion or ectopic pregnancy.
Artificial rupture of uterine membrane to induce labour is called :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
It is called amniotomy.
Amniotomy, also known as artificial rupture of membranes (ARM), is the deliberate breaking of the amniotic sac with a small hook to start or speed up labour. The release of amniotic fluid and the prostaglandins it triggers usually strengthen contractions.
Uterine haemorrhage is bleeding from the uterus. Uterine inertia is weak or absent contractions, the very problem amniotomy may be used to treat. 'Rupture of uterine membrane' describes the event in words but is not the clinical name of the procedure.
Which is the correct sequence of labour? (Choose the most appropriate option from below)
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
The correct sequence is dilation of cervix → breaking of waters → baby is expelled → placenta is expelled.
Labour has three stages. In the first, contractions open (dilate) the cervix, and the membranes usually rupture, releasing the amniotic fluid ('breaking of waters'), late in this stage. In the second, the baby is pushed out through the birth canal. In the third, the placenta separates and is delivered.
The placenta always comes last, after the baby, so options putting it first or second are wrong. The waters break before the baby is born, which rules out the option ending with them.
What is the term used to describe the coordination between fundal contraction and cervical dilatation?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The term is Polarity of uterus.
Polarity describes the neuromuscular harmony between the two poles of the uterus in labour: while the upper segment contracts and retracts to expel the foetus, the lower segment and cervix relax and dilate. This coordination lets contractions open the cervix.
Retraction is the permanent shortening of the muscle fibres of the upper segment. Fundal dominance means that each contraction starts at and is strongest in the fundus. Foetal axis pressure is the force transmitted down the baby's spine to the presenting part.
The process of expulsion of the foetus at the end of pregnancy is called :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
The process is called Parturition.
Parturition, or childbirth, is the expulsion of the foetus and placenta from the uterus at the end of pregnancy, brought about by uterine contractions under the influence of oxytocin and prostaglandins.
Lactation is the secretion of milk after birth. Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the endometrium when pregnancy does not occur. Micturition is passing urine. None of them is the birth process.
Marks
Total number of questions : 20
Number of answered questions : 0
Number of unanswered questions : 20