Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The key gives (C) Empirical.

The levels of knowledge used in language understanding are linguistic ones, such as phonological (speech sounds), morphological (word forms), syntactic (sentence structure), semantic (meaning) and pragmatic (use in context). Phonological and syntactic are therefore in the list, which rules out A and B.

"Empirical" names no level of linguistic knowledge in any of these standard lists, so it is the odd one out. Treat the key's reading with some care: "logical" does not appear in the usual list of levels either, though some treatments use a logical form as an intermediate representation of meaning, which makes it the weaker candidate for "does not include".

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The type is derivational morphology.

Derivational affixes create new words, often changing the word class and the meaning: happy (adjective) to happiness (noun), teach (verb) to teacher (noun).

Inflectional morphology adds grammatical information such as tense or number without changing the category (walk, walked; cat, cats). Cliticization attaches a reduced word to another, as in I'm, and 'Infuational' is not a term.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

Coreference resolution is: given a sentence or larger chunk of text, determine which words (mentions) refer to the same objects (entities).

For example, in 'Asha met Ravi because she needed his help', coreference resolution links 'she' to Asha and 'his' to Ravi. The mentions can be names, noun phrases or pronouns, possibly far apart in the text.

Anaphora resolution, linking a pronoun or other anaphor to its antecedent, is one part of the task, not its definition. The other two options describe solutions to problems, which has nothing to do with the term.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : B

The intermediate form is the quasi-logical form.

In natural language understanding (for example in Allen's account), a sentence's syntactic structure is first mapped to a quasi-logical form. It captures the predicate-argument structure but leaves some decisions unresolved, such as the scope of quantifiers and the referents of pronouns. Later contextual processing resolves these to give the final logical form.

'Quantified logical form' and 'syntactic-logical form' are not standard terms. A definite clause grammar is a grammar formalism, written in Prolog-style clauses, not an intermediate representation between syntax and logic.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

Pragmatic interpretation relates to Context.

Natural language understanding works at several levels. Pragmatics is the level that interprets an utterance in its context: who is speaking, the situation, and what the speaker intends. 'Can you pass the salt?' is pragmatically a request, not a question about ability.

Syntax concerns the grammatical structure of sentences, and semantics the literal meaning of words and symbols. So the options naming symbols, structure or syntax describe other levels.

Your Answer : (Not Answered)

Correct Answer : C

The difficulty is called Anaphoric references.

An anaphor is an expression, typically a pronoun, that refers back to something mentioned earlier. To translate 'it' or 'they' correctly, a machine translation system must work out what the pronoun refers to, because the target language may need a different pronoun for each possible referent (for example by gender or number).

Lexical disambiguation is choosing the right sense of a word, grammatical ambiguity concerns sentence structure, and idioms are fixed phrases whose meaning is not literal.