Instruction
- Total number of questions : 20
- Time allotted : 30:00 Minutes:Seconds.
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Pharmacology [ Question No: 1 To 20 ] :
Which route is not commonly used in clinical practice?
Doses of children are calculated by Young's formula, which formula is right?
The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms is referred as -
Which of the following drug is implicated in the causation of osteomalacia of the bone?
What type of side effect is most commonly observed in beta-lactam antibiotics ? (Choose the most appropriate option from below)
Drug of choice in acute myocardial infarction is :-
Ibuprofen is a common drug used to relieve ______.
Which of the following is classified as a "Dissociative Anaesthetic"?
To which category of drugs does Busulfan belong ?
Methotrexate is :
Atovaquone and Proguanil HCl belong to which category of drugs ?
Match the drugs given in list 1 with list 2, their function in the animal body.
Choose the correct answer from the options provided.
| List 1 (Drugs) | List 2 (Function) |
|---|---|
| a. Atropine | I. Antiseptic |
| b. Betadine | II. Anticoagulant |
| c. Dopamine | III. Excessive salivation |
| d. Heparine | IV. Cardiac arrest |
Options:
Which of the following is an example of a long-acting insulin ?
In animals, blood glucose regulation is done by the following drug:
Anabolic steroids are steroids used by veterinarians to:
A class of medication used to induce nausea and vomiting in animals is:
The drugs used to treat and prevent constipation in bullocks are called:
Which of the following is an example of a reversible anticholinesterase under the carbamates category ?
Which of the following is a competitive ganglionic blocker under amines ?
Which one of the following herbal supplements is used as a mild tranquilizer in dogs?
Total number of questions : 20
Number of answered questions : 0
Number of unanswered questions : 20
Pharmacology [ Question No: 1 To 20 ] :
Which route is not commonly used in clinical practice?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
The route not commonly used in clinical practice is intraperitoneal.
Injection into the peritoneal cavity is routine in laboratory animals, and the peritoneum is used for dialysis, but it is rarely used to give drugs to patients because of the risk of peritonitis and injury to the bowel.
The others are everyday routes. Intradermal injection is used for BCG vaccine and skin tests. Intrathecal injection is used for spinal anaesthesia and some cancer drugs. Sublingual tablets, such as glyceryl trinitrate for angina, are absorbed under the tongue.
Doses of children are calculated by Young's formula, which formula is right?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Young's formula is adult dose × age of child / (age of child + 12).
With the child's age \(A\) in years:
\[ \begin{aligned} &\text{Child dose} \\ &= \frac{A}{A + 12} \times \text{Adult dose} \end{aligned} \]
For a 6-year-old:
\[ \begin{aligned} \frac{6}{6 + 12} &= \frac{6}{18} \\ &= \frac{1}{3}\ \text{of the adult dose} \end{aligned} \]
The formula is meant for children aged about 1 to 12 years. Adding 24 to the age, or multiplying it by 12, gives far too small a dose, and multiplying the adult dose by the age plus 12 gives far too large a one, many times the adult dose.
The comparison of bioavailability between two dosage forms is referred as -
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The comparison is called bioequivalence.
Two products containing the same drug in the same dose are bioequivalent when their rate and extent of absorption, measured by the peak concentration (Cmax) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), fall within accepted limits of each other. Bioequivalence studies are how generic medicines are approved.
Bioavailability is the fraction of a dose that reaches the circulation for one product, not the comparison of two. Biopharmaceutics is the science of how formulation affects absorption. 'Biological' is not a term for this comparison.
Which of the following drug is implicated in the causation of osteomalacia of the bone?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
The drug implicated in osteomalacia is phenytoin.
Phenytoin induces the liver's microsomal enzymes, which speed up the breakdown of vitamin D to inactive products. It also reduces calcium absorption from the gut. Long-term use therefore causes low calcium and defective bone mineralisation, the 'anticonvulsant osteomalacia' also seen with phenobarbitone and carbamazepine.
Long-term heparin and corticosteroids cause osteoporosis (loss of bone mass), a different disorder. Estrogen protects bone and is used to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis.
What type of side effect is most commonly observed in beta-lactam antibiotics ? (Choose the most appropriate option from below)
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
The most common side effect of beta-lactam antibiotics is an allergic reaction.
Penicillins and related beta-lactams are the commonest cause of drug allergy. Reactions range from rash and urticaria to serum sickness and, rarely, anaphylaxis. Some patients allergic to penicillin also react to cephalosporins, which is why an allergy history is taken before giving them.
The other effects belong to other drugs: hearing loss to aminoglycosides, yellowing of the teeth to tetracyclines given to children, and aplastic anaemia to chloramphenicol.
Drug of choice in acute myocardial infarction is :-
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
The drug of choice the key gives for acute myocardial infarction is streptokinase.
Acute myocardial infarction is caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery. Streptokinase is a thrombolytic: it activates plasminogen to plasmin, which dissolves the clot. Given early, ideally within a few hours of onset, it restores blood flow, limits the size of the infarct and reduces deaths.
Morphine relieves the pain and anxiety and nitroglycerine relieves ischaemic pain, but neither reopens the artery. Intravenous heparin stops the clot from extending but does not dissolve it. Today angioplasty or newer clot-specific thrombolytics are often preferred, but among these options streptokinase is the one that treats the cause.
Ibuprofen is a common drug used to relieve ______.
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Ibuprofen is used to relieve pain.
Ibuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). By blocking the cyclo-oxygenase enzymes it reduces the production of prostaglandins, which cause pain, inflammation and fever. It is used for headache, toothache, menstrual cramps, muscle and joint pain, and to bring down fever.
It does not treat vomiting, for which antiemetics are used, or constipation, for which laxatives are used. Allergies are treated with antihistamines; NSAIDs can actually trigger allergic reactions in some people.
Which of the following is classified as a "Dissociative Anaesthetic"?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The dissociative anaesthetic is ketamine.
Ketamine blocks NMDA glutamate receptors and produces dissociative anaesthesia: the patient seems detached from the surroundings, with profound analgesia and amnesia, while the eyes may stay open and reflexes and breathing are largely kept.
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used for sedation and seizures. Thiopentone sodium is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate given intravenously to induce anaesthesia. Nitrous oxide is an inhaled anaesthetic gas, a good analgesic but a weak anaesthetic. None of them produces the dissociative state.
To which category of drugs does Busulfan belong ?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
Busulfan is an alkylating agent.
Busulfan is an alkyl sulphonate. It attaches alkyl groups to DNA and cross-links its strands, which stops cell division. It acts strongly on the bone marrow, so it is used in chronic myeloid leukaemia and to condition patients before bone marrow transplantation.
It is not an antibiotic or an antiviral. Antimetabolites such as methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil work differently, by mimicking the building blocks of DNA.
Methotrexate is :
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
Methotrexate is a folic acid antagonist.
It inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, the enzyme that regenerates tetrahydrofolate. Without tetrahydrofolate, cells cannot make thymidine and purines for DNA synthesis, so rapidly dividing cells are hit hardest. It is used in cancers, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and folinic acid (leucovorin) rescue counters its toxicity.
Purine antagonists are drugs such as 6-mercaptopurine. Alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide and busulfan cross-link DNA. Anticancer antibiotics include doxorubicin and bleomycin.
Atovaquone and Proguanil HCl belong to which category of drugs ?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
Atovaquone and proguanil hydrochloride are antimalarial drugs.
The fixed-dose combination is used both to treat uncomplicated falciparum malaria and to prevent malaria in travellers. Atovaquone blocks electron transport in the parasite's mitochondria, and proguanil, through its active metabolite cycloguanil, inhibits the parasite's dihydrofolate reductase. The two act together on different targets.
They are not antivirals or antibiotics. Atovaquone alone is also used against Pneumocystis pneumonia, but the atovaquone-proguanil combination is classed as an antimalarial, not an antifungal.
Match the drugs given in list 1 with list 2, their function in the animal body.
Choose the correct answer from the options provided.
| List 1 (Drugs) | List 2 (Function) |
|---|---|
| a. Atropine | I. Antiseptic |
| b. Betadine | II. Anticoagulant |
| c. Dopamine | III. Excessive salivation |
| d. Heparine | IV. Cardiac arrest |
Options:
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The correct matching is a-III, b-I, c-IV, d-II.
- Atropine (a): an anticholinergic that dries up secretions, used against excessive salivation, III.
- Betadine (b): povidone-iodine, an antiseptic, I.
- Dopamine (c): used to support the heart and blood pressure in shock and cardiac arrest, IV.
- Heparine (d): heparin, an anticoagulant, II.
Option B gives Betadine the anticoagulant role, and options C and D misplace atropine.
Which of the following is an example of a long-acting insulin ?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The long-acting insulin is insulin glargine.
Glargine is an analogue that dissolves in its acidic vial but forms fine precipitates when injected into the neutral tissue under the skin. It is released slowly from there, giving a fairly steady basal level for about 24 hours with one daily dose.
Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting analogue taken just before meals. Regular (soluble) insulin is short-acting, lasting about 6 to 8 hours. NPH (isophane) insulin is intermediate-acting, lasting roughly 12 to 18 hours.
In animals, blood glucose regulation is done by the following drug:
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : C
Blood glucose is regulated by insulin.
Insulin, from the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, lowers blood glucose by helping cells take it up and by promoting its storage as glycogen. It is the treatment for diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats.
Oxytocin causes milk let-down and uterine contraction, estradiol is a female sex hormone, and mitotane is an adrenal-destroying drug used for Cushing's disease in dogs.
Anabolic steroids are steroids used by veterinarians to:
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
Anabolic steroids are used to increase muscle mass.
Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promote protein synthesis and tissue building. Veterinarians use them, for example nandrolone or boldenone, to build muscle and body weight and stimulate appetite in debilitated or convalescent animals.
Treating spasticity, relaxing muscles and paralysing them are the actions of muscle relaxants and neuromuscular blockers, not of anabolic steroids.
A class of medication used to induce nausea and vomiting in animals is:
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
The class of drug is emetics.
Emetics induce vomiting. They are used in dogs and cats to empty the stomach soon after a poison or foreign material has been swallowed; apomorphine and xylazine (in cats) are examples. Cattle and horses cannot vomit effectively.
Antacids neutralise acid, astringents tighten tissues and reduce secretions, and diuretics increase urine flow.
The drugs used to treat and prevent constipation in bullocks are called:
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : B
The drugs are called laxatives.
Laxatives (purgatives in larger doses) ease the passage of faeces by softening it, increasing its bulk or stimulating the gut. Liquid paraffin, magnesium sulphate and linseed oil are used for constipation and impaction in cattle and bullocks.
Emetics induce vomiting, antihistamines counter allergic reactions, and antacids neutralise excess acid; none treats constipation.
Which of the following is an example of a reversible anticholinesterase under the carbamates category ?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The reversible carbamate anticholinesterase is physostigmine.
Physostigmine, an alkaloid from the Calabar bean, carbamylates acetylcholinesterase. The carbamylated enzyme recovers within hours, so its action is reversible. Neostigmine and pyridostigmine belong to the same carbamate group. Being a tertiary amine, physostigmine enters the brain and is used in atropine poisoning.
Echothiophate is an organophosphate, an irreversible anticholinesterase. Muscarine and carbachol are not enzyme inhibitors at all: they act directly on cholinergic receptors as agonists.
Which of the following is a competitive ganglionic blocker under amines ?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : A
The competitive ganglion blocker in the amine group is mecamylamine.
Ganglion blockers that compete with acetylcholine at the nicotinic receptors of autonomic ganglia are classed as quaternary ammonium compounds (hexamethonium, pentolinium) and amines (mecamylamine, pempidine). Mecamylamine is a secondary amine, so it is well absorbed by mouth.
Hexamethonium is a competitive blocker, but a quaternary ammonium compound, not an amine. Nicotine in large doses blocks ganglia by persistent depolarisation, not by competition. Acetylcholine is the ganglionic transmitter itself, which stimulates rather than blocks.
Which one of the following herbal supplements is used as a mild tranquilizer in dogs?
Your Answer : (Not Answered)
Correct Answer : D
The herbal mild tranquilizer is valerian.
Valerian root has calming and mild sedative effects and is used in dogs for anxiety, nervousness and sleeplessness, for example during travel or fireworks.
Ginkgo is used for circulation and cognitive decline in older animals, ginseng as a tonic for energy, and cranberry for the health of the urinary tract. None is a tranquilizer.
Marks
Total number of questions : 20
Number of answered questions : 0
Number of unanswered questions : 20