Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

211.

Given below are the two statements, the first labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : We can process information very quickly and perform complex tasks quickly and accurately.
Reason (R) : Brain processes information in a serial fashion.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Both statements are true, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion, as the key gives.

People can process information quickly and do complex tasks accurately, so (A) is true. The Reason says that the brain processes information serially. Serial processing alone does not explain the speed and ease of complex tasks, which is usually attributed to the simultaneous work of many parts of the brain, so the Reason does not account for the Assertion.

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212.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer with the help of given codes :

List - I	List - II
p. Converting information from temporary to more permanent memory and spatial memory	1. temporal lobes
q. Working memory	2. Hippo campus
r. Semantic memory	3. Neuro fibrillary tangles
s. Alzheimer's Disease	4. Frontal lobes

Codes : p q r s

A.2 4 1 3
B.1 2 3 4
C.4 3 2 1
D.3 1 4 2

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The correct matching is converting information from temporary to more permanent memory and spatial memory with the hippocampus (2), working memory with the frontal lobes (4), semantic memory with the temporal lobes (1) and Alzheimer's disease with neurofibrillary tangles (3). The code is 2, 4, 1, 3.

The hippocampus consolidates memories and holds spatial maps, the frontal lobes support working memory, the temporal lobes store meaning-based memory, and neurofibrillary tangles are a mark of Alzheimer's disease. The other codes pair these wrongly.

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213.

There is a gradual acceleration of responses just before the provision of reinforcement in a fixed interval schedule. This acceleration is referred to as

A.The Fixed - Interval Gradient
B.The Fixed - Interval Variant
C.The Fixed - Interval Caper
D.The Fixed - Interval Scallop

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The gradual acceleration of responses just before reinforcement on a fixed interval schedule is called the fixed-interval scallop. Responding is slow just after reinforcement and speeds up as the time for the next one approaches, and the cumulative record then has a scalloped shape.

The terms gradient, variant and caper are not names for this pattern, so the other options are invented.

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214.

The law of Pragnanz or law of good figure refers to

A.Tendency to read an ambiguous stimulus in accordance with an expectation.
B.Viewing under suboptimal conditions such as an object is shaded or overlapped.
C.The tendency to perceive the simplest and most stable figure of all possible perceptual alternatives.
D.The ability to recognise and identify common objects.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The law of Pragnanz, or the law of good figure, refers to the tendency to perceive the simplest and most stable figure of all the possible perceptual alternatives. It is a principle of Gestalt psychology.

Reading an ambiguous stimulus according to expectation is perceptual set, viewing an object that is shaded or overlapped under poor conditions relates to degraded viewing, and recognising common objects is pattern recognition. None of them is the law of Pragnanz.

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215.

What behaviour can be emitted is basically

A.a psychotherapist determined phenomenon
B.a reward determined capacity
C.a species-typical capacity
D.a procedure determined phenomenon

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

What behaviour can be emitted is basically a species-typical capacity. An organism can emit only the responses that its body and nervous system allow, so the repertoire of behaviour is limited by the nature of the species.

The reward or the procedure may shape which of these responses is learned, but they do not decide what can be emitted at all, and the capacity is not determined by a psychotherapist. Hence the other options are rejected.

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216.

Memory can be distorted by being influenced by the individual's expectations rather than what has actually happened. This is termed as

A.Mood dependent memory
B.Mood congruence effect
C.Flash bulb memory
D.Confirmation bias

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Memory distorted by the individual's expectations, rather than by what has actually happened, is explained by confirmation bias. People notice and recall what agrees with what they expect and tend to overlook the rest.

Mood-dependent memory is better recall in the same mood as at learning, the mood congruence effect is better recall of material that matches the current mood, and a flashbulb memory is a vivid memory of a dramatic event. None of them is a distortion by expectation.

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217.

Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve describes _______.

A.The smallest difference between two stimuli necessary to detect them as different.
B.The relationship between the proportion of hits and false alarms for a constant stimulus intensity.
C.Detection of a change in a stimulus is related to the magnitude of the stimulus.
D.As the number of sensation units grows arithmetically the stimulus intensity increases geometrically.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve describes the relationship between the proportion of hits and false alarms for a constant stimulus intensity. It is the main graph of signal detection theory, plotting hit rate against false alarm rate as the observer's criterion changes.

The smallest detectable difference is the difference threshold, the relation of change detection to stimulus magnitude is Weber's law, and a geometric growth of intensity with arithmetic growth of sensation is Fechner's law. The other options therefore describe different ideas.

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218.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Information processing is a mode of attention that concerns the nontemporal information processing demands of a task.
Reason (R) : Subliminal perception is a form of perception in which stimuli are not detected or consciously perceived.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.Both (A) and (R) are false.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Both statements are correct, but the Reason is not the explanation of the Assertion, which is the second code.

Information processing as a mode of attention, concerned with the nontemporal demands of a task, is a statement given in the key as true. Subliminal perception, where stimuli are not detected or consciously perceived, is also a true description. The two statements deal with different topics, so (R) does not explain (A). The codes calling either statement false are rejected.

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219.

Match List - I with List - II and indicate your answer using codes given below :

List - I (Perceptual Theory)	List - II (Explanation)
p. Signal Detection Theory	1. The detection of change in a stimulus is relative to the magnitude of the stimulus
q. Stevens' Power Law	2. The ability to detect a weak stimulus varies from moment to moment as per response bias
r. Fechner's Law	3. The magnitude of a sensation is a logarithmic function of the stimulus
s. Weber's Fraction	4. Sensory magnitude grows in proportion to the physical intensity of the stimulus raised to a power

Codes : p q r s

A.3 4 1 2
B.4 3 2 1
C.1 2 3 4
D.2 4 3 1

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The correct matching is signal detection theory with the ability to detect a weak stimulus varying from moment to moment with response bias (2), Stevens' power law with sensory magnitude growing as intensity raised to a power (4), Fechner's law with sensation as a logarithmic function of the stimulus (3) and Weber's fraction with detection of a change relative to the magnitude of the stimulus (1). The code is 2, 4, 3, 1.

The other codes assign a law to a description that belongs to another one.

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220.

Ruchi remembers that when she was eight year old she was whimsical. This memory of Ruchi is called

A.Episodic memory
B.Semantic memory
C.Sensory memory
D.Amnesic memory

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Ruchi's memory of being whimsical at eight is an episodic memory.

Episodic memory holds personal experiences tied to a particular time and place in one's life, so remembering how one behaved at the age of eight is a clear example.

Semantic memory is general knowledge of facts and meanings, sensory memory is the very brief hold of raw input from the senses, and amnesic memory is not a type of memory in this classification. Such a memory can be recalled as a picture of a scene, with the people and the place that were part of it.

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