International Environmental Law Questions and Answers

Q: UNEP Headquarters is situated in which city ?

UNEP's headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya.The United Nations Environment Programme was created in 1972 as an outcome of the Stockholm Conference and was based in Nairobi from the start, making it the first UN programme headquartered in a developing country. The UN Office at Nairobi (Gigiri) also hosts UN-Habitat.Rome hosts the FAO, IFAD and WFP. Kyoto is known for the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on climate change, not for a UN headquarters, and Beijing hosts no UN programme headquarters of this kind.

Q: The list of species may become threatened if trade is not strictly regulated. For such species requires export permit are included in the category under CITES :

Such species are listed in Appendix II of CITES.Appendix II covers species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction now but may become so unless trade in them is closely controlled. International trade is allowed, but only with an export permit from the exporting country, granted when trade will not harm the species' survival.Appendix I lists species already threatened with extinction, where commercial trade is generally banned and both import and export permits are needed. Appendix III lists species protected in one country that has asked others for help in controlling trade. CITES has no Appendix B; Annex B belongs to the European Union's wildlife trade regulations.

Q: The Earth Summit held at Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil was on :

The Earth Summit was the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.The UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and popularly called the Earth Summit, adopted the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21, and opened for signature the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity.The UN Conference on the Human Environment was the 1972 Stockholm Conference. Transboundary movements of hazardous wastes are the subject of the Basel Convention of 1989, not of the Rio summit.

Q: Which protocol was adopted in order to ensure an adequate level of protection in the field of safe transfer handling and use of living modified organisms ?

The protocol is the Cartagena Protocol.The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted in 2000 and in force from 2003, aims to ensure an adequate level of protection in the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology, particularly their movement across borders. Its main tool is the advance informed agreement procedure.The Nagoya Protocol (2010) deals with access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing, and the Kyoto Protocol (1997) with greenhouse gas emissions. There is no Nairobi Protocol on this subject.

Q: Which international convention recognised that wild animals are an irreparable part of the earth's natural system and it is an obligation of mankind to ensure that this legacy is conserved for future generations ?

The convention is the Bonn Convention.The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), signed at Bonn in 1979, states in its preamble that wild animals in their innumerable forms are an irreplaceable part of the earth's natural system which must be conserved for the good of mankind, and that each generation holds the earth's resources for future generations.The Ramsar Convention (1971) protects wetlands of international importance. The conventions named after Rome and Nairobi deal with other subjects and do not contain this statement on wild animals.

Q: Who was the chairperson of the World Commission on Environment and Development ?

The chairperson was Gro Harlem Brundtland.The World Commission on Environment and Development was set up by the United Nations in 1983 under Gro Harlem Brundtland, then Prime Minister of Norway. Its 1987 report, Our Common Future (the Brundtland Report), gave the classic definition of sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.Jane Goodall is a primatologist known for her chimpanzee research, and Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring (1962) on pesticides. Neither chaired the Commission, and the remaining name is not connected with it.

Q: Which of the following is an international agreement aimed at sharing the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources in fair and equitable way by appropriate access to genetic resources and appropriate transfer of relevant technologies ?

The agreement is the Nagoya protocol.The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization was adopted in 2010 under the Convention on Biological Diversity and came into force in 2014. It puts into effect the CBD's third objective, access and benefit-sharing, including appropriate transfer of technology. India implements it through the Biological Diversity Act.The Kyoto Protocol (1997) concerns greenhouse gas emissions, the Cartagena Protocol (2000) the safe transfer of living modified organisms, and there is no 'Rio protocol'; Rio 1992 produced the CBD itself.

Q: At which Conference does the states were called upon to provide effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings including redress and remedy ?

The conference was held at Rio de Janeiro.Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) says environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, and that effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 set out the first environmental principles, Johannesburg hosted the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and Kyoto produced the 1997 climate protocol; none contains this access-to-justice principle in these terms.

UNEP Headquarters is situated in which city ?

A.Rome
B.Kyoto
C.Beijing
D.Nairobi

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

UNEP's headquarters is in Nairobi, Kenya.

The United Nations Environment Programme was created in 1972 as an outcome of the Stockholm Conference and was based in Nairobi from the start, making it the first UN programme headquartered in a developing country. The UN Office at Nairobi (Gigiri) also hosts UN-Habitat.

Rome hosts the FAO, IFAD and WFP. Kyoto is known for the 1997 Kyoto Protocol on climate change, not for a UN headquarters, and Beijing hosts no UN programme headquarters of this kind.

Discuss in Forum

First U.N. Conference on Man & Environment was held in which city and year ?

A.London, 1962
B.Stockholm, 1972
C.Rio de Janeiro, 1992
D.Paris 1982

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The first UN conference on the human environment was held in Stockholm in 1972.

The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment met in Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972. It adopted the Stockholm Declaration and an Action Plan, led to the creation of UNEP, and its opening day is celebrated as World Environment Day. India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi spoke there on poverty and the environment.

Rio de Janeiro hosted the Earth Summit (UN Conference on Environment and Development) in 1992, twenty years later. There was no UN environment conference in London in 1962 or in Paris in 1982.

Discuss in Forum

The list of species may become threatened if trade is not strictly regulated. For such species requires export permit are included in the category under CITES :

A.Appendix II
B.Appendix I
C.Appendix III
D.Appendix B

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Such species are listed in Appendix II of CITES.

Appendix II covers species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction now but may become so unless trade in them is closely controlled. International trade is allowed, but only with an export permit from the exporting country, granted when trade will not harm the species' survival.

Appendix I lists species already threatened with extinction, where commercial trade is generally banned and both import and export permits are needed. Appendix III lists species protected in one country that has asked others for help in controlling trade. CITES has no Appendix B; Annex B belongs to the European Union's wildlife trade regulations.

Discuss in Forum

The Earth Summit held at Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil was on :

A.The control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous waste
B.United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
C.United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
D.None of the above

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The Earth Summit was the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.

The UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 and popularly called the Earth Summit, adopted the Rio Declaration and Agenda 21, and opened for signature the Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity.

The UN Conference on the Human Environment was the 1972 Stockholm Conference. Transboundary movements of hazardous wastes are the subject of the Basel Convention of 1989, not of the Rio summit.

Discuss in Forum

Which protocol was adopted in order to ensure an adequate level of protection in the field of safe transfer handling and use of living modified organisms ?

A.Cartagena Protocol
B.Nagoya Protocol
C.Kyoto Protocol
D.Nairobi Protocol

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The protocol is the Cartagena Protocol.

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted in 2000 and in force from 2003, aims to ensure an adequate level of protection in the safe transfer, handling and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology, particularly their movement across borders. Its main tool is the advance informed agreement procedure.

The Nagoya Protocol (2010) deals with access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing, and the Kyoto Protocol (1997) with greenhouse gas emissions. There is no Nairobi Protocol on this subject.

Discuss in Forum

Which international convention recognised that wild animals are an irreparable part of the earth's natural system and it is an obligation of mankind to ensure that this legacy is conserved for future generations ?

A.Bonn Convention
B.Ramsar Convention
C.Rome Convention
D.Nairobi Convention

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The convention is the Bonn Convention.

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), signed at Bonn in 1979, states in its preamble that wild animals in their innumerable forms are an irreplaceable part of the earth's natural system which must be conserved for the good of mankind, and that each generation holds the earth's resources for future generations.

The Ramsar Convention (1971) protects wetlands of international importance. The conventions named after Rome and Nairobi deal with other subjects and do not contain this statement on wild animals.

Discuss in Forum

Who was the chairperson of the World Commission on Environment and Development ?

A.Christiana Langer
B.Gro Harlem Brundtland
C.Jane Goodall
D.Rachel Carson

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: B

The chairperson was Gro Harlem Brundtland.

The World Commission on Environment and Development was set up by the United Nations in 1983 under Gro Harlem Brundtland, then Prime Minister of Norway. Its 1987 report, Our Common Future (the Brundtland Report), gave the classic definition of sustainable development: development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Jane Goodall is a primatologist known for her chimpanzee research, and Rachel Carson wrote Silent Spring (1962) on pesticides. Neither chaired the Commission, and the remaining name is not connected with it.

Discuss in Forum

Which of the following is an international agreement aimed at sharing the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources in fair and equitable way by appropriate access to genetic resources and appropriate transfer of relevant technologies ?

A.Nagoya protocol
B.Kyoto protocol
C.Rio protocol
D.Cartagena protocol

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: A

The agreement is the Nagoya protocol.

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization was adopted in 2010 under the Convention on Biological Diversity and came into force in 2014. It puts into effect the CBD's third objective, access and benefit-sharing, including appropriate transfer of technology. India implements it through the Biological Diversity Act.

The Kyoto Protocol (1997) concerns greenhouse gas emissions, the Cartagena Protocol (2000) the safe transfer of living modified organisms, and there is no 'Rio protocol'; Rio 1992 produced the CBD itself.

Discuss in Forum

At which Conference does the states were called upon to provide effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings including redress and remedy ?

A.Rio de Janeiro
B.Stockholm
C.Johannesburg
D.Kyoto

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The conference was held at Rio de Janeiro.

Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) says environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, and that effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided.

The Stockholm Declaration of 1972 set out the first environmental principles, Johannesburg hosted the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, and Kyoto produced the 1997 climate protocol; none contains this access-to-justice principle in these terms.

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