Rural and Urban Transformations Questions and Answers

Q: Which among the following is not specifically associated with the ‘rural’ ?

The feature not specifically associated with the rural is Local self Government.Low population density, greater self-reliance and the predominance of face-to-face, primary group relations are the classic traits sociologists use to describe rural communities.Local self-government is not specific to rural areas: towns and cities have their own elected local bodies (municipalities and corporations) just as villages have panchayats.

Q: Depeasantization refers to ............. .

Depeasantization refers to a shift from agricultural occupation to non-agricultural occupation.Depeasantization is the process by which peasants lose their land or their livelihood from farming and move into wage labour or other non-agricultural work. It is associated with commercialisation, land alienation and the growth of capitalism in agriculture.Commercial agriculture, rural-urban migration and rural industrialisation are causes or accompaniments of depeasantization, but the term itself means leaving peasant agriculture.

Q: Which one of the following is not a Mega City as per census 2011 ?

The one that is not a mega city is Bengaluru Urban Agglomeration.The 2011 Census defines mega cities as urban agglomerations with a population of 10 million or more. Three qualified: Greater Mumbai UA (about 18.4 million), Delhi UA (about 16.3 million) and Kolkata UA (about 14.1 million).Bengaluru UA, with about 8.5 million people in 2011, was a million-plus city but below the 10 million mark.

Q: Who stated that, “Community is not list of tools and customs, it is an integrated whole” ?

The statement is by Robert Redfield.In The Little Community (1955), Redfield argued that a small community should be studied as a whole, an integrated system of life, not as a list of tools, customs and traits. He developed the idea in his work on folk society and the folk-urban continuum.Milton Singer (spelled Miltan in the paper) worked with Redfield on great and little traditions, Zimmerman wrote on rural-urban sociology, and Simmel on the metropolis and forms of interaction.

Q: In which of the following decades, total increase in urban population was more than the total increase in rural population in India ?

The decade was 2001-2011.Census 2011 showed that, for the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in India's urban population (about 91 million) was greater than the increase in its rural population (about 90.6 million) during 2001-2011.In every earlier decade, including 1971-81, 1981-91 and 1991-2001, rural population grew by more in absolute terms, even though urban growth rates were higher.

Q: In which census year data for slum was collected for the first time in India ?

Slum data was collected for the first time in the 2001 Census.The Census of India 2001 enumerated slums separately for the first time in cities and towns above a population threshold, and published a separate slum population count. The 2011 Census extended slum enumeration to all statutory towns.The 1981 and 1991 censuses did not count slum populations separately. 2011 is the second such census, not the first.

Q: Which one of the following cities has moved from colonial notions of “pensioners’ paradise” to the globalisation driven “silicon valley of India” ?

The city is Bengaluru.In colonial and early post-independence times Bangalore, with its mild climate, gardens and cantonment, was known as a quiet 'pensioners' paradise' where retired officials settled. From the 1980s and especially after liberalisation, it became the centre of India's software and IT-services industry and came to be called the 'Silicon Valley of India'.Hyderabad and Pune are also IT hubs but do not carry that colonial label, and Dehradun is a hill town without such an IT role.

Q: Given below the two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R) :Assertion (A) : Maharashtra state has the largest number of slum dwellers in India.Reason (R) : It has the largest number of urban dwellers.Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

The key's answer is that both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).The 2011 Census counted the largest slum population of any state in Maharashtra, about 1.18 crore people, and Maharashtra also has the largest urban population of any state, so both statements are true.A large urban population does not by itself explain slums, though. Slums grow where migrants and the urban poor cannot find affordable housing: through rapid in-migration to cities such as Mumbai, high land prices and a shortage of low-cost housing. The share of slum dwellers in the urban population varies widely between states with similar urban populations, which is why the reason is not taken as the explanation.

Q: Which Anthropologist has differentiated between folk community and urban community ?

The folk-urban distinction was drawn by Robert Redfield.From his studies in Yucatan, Mexico, Redfield constructed the folk-urban continuum. The folk society is small, isolated, homogeneous, bound by tradition and sacred sanctions, and held together by personal ties; the urban society is large, heterogeneous, secular and impersonal. Communities can be placed along the continuum between the two.Radcliffe-Brown developed structural-functional analysis, Malinowski functionalism and fieldwork method, and Levi-Strauss structuralism. None of them is known for the folk and urban types.

11.

Which among the following is not specifically associated with the ‘rural’ ?

A.Low density of population
B.Local self Government
C.More self reliance
D.Predominance of primary group contact

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The feature not specifically associated with the rural is Local self Government.

Low population density, greater self-reliance and the predominance of face-to-face, primary group relations are the classic traits sociologists use to describe rural communities.

Local self-government is not specific to rural areas: towns and cities have their own elected local bodies (municipalities and corporations) just as villages have panchayats.

Discuss in Forum

12.

Depeasantization refers to ............. .

A.A shift towards commercial agriculture
B.Migration from rural to urban
C.Rural industrialization
D.A shift from agricultural occupation to non-agricultural occupation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: D

Depeasantization refers to a shift from agricultural occupation to non-agricultural occupation.

Depeasantization is the process by which peasants lose their land or their livelihood from farming and move into wage labour or other non-agricultural work. It is associated with commercialisation, land alienation and the growth of capitalism in agriculture.

Commercial agriculture, rural-urban migration and rural industrialisation are causes or accompaniments of depeasantization, but the term itself means leaving peasant agriculture.

Discuss in Forum

13.

Which one of the following is not a Mega City as per census 2011 ?

A.Greater Mumbai Urban Agglomeration
B.Delhi Urban Agglomeration
C.Bengaluru Urban Agglomeration
D.Kolkata Urban Agglomeration

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

The one that is not a mega city is Bengaluru Urban Agglomeration.

The 2011 Census defines mega cities as urban agglomerations with a population of 10 million or more. Three qualified: Greater Mumbai UA (about 18.4 million), Delhi UA (about 16.3 million) and Kolkata UA (about 14.1 million).

Bengaluru UA, with about 8.5 million people in 2011, was a million-plus city but below the 10 million mark.

Discuss in Forum

14.

Who stated that, “Community is not list of tools and customs, it is an integrated whole” ?

A.Zimmerman
B.Robert Redfield
C.Miltan Singer
D.George Simmel

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The statement is by Robert Redfield.

In The Little Community (1955), Redfield argued that a small community should be studied as a whole, an integrated system of life, not as a list of tools, customs and traits. He developed the idea in his work on folk society and the folk-urban continuum.

Milton Singer (spelled Miltan in the paper) worked with Redfield on great and little traditions, Zimmerman wrote on rural-urban sociology, and Simmel on the metropolis and forms of interaction.

Discuss in Forum

15.

In which of the following decades, total increase in urban population was more than the total increase in rural population in India ?

A.1971-1981
B.2001-2011
C.1991-2001
D.1981-1991

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: B

The decade was 2001-2011.

Census 2011 showed that, for the first time since Independence, the absolute increase in India's urban population (about 91 million) was greater than the increase in its rural population (about 90.6 million) during 2001-2011.

In every earlier decade, including 1971-81, 1981-91 and 1991-2001, rural population grew by more in absolute terms, even though urban growth rates were higher.

Discuss in Forum

16.

In which census year data for slum was collected for the first time in India ?

A.1991
B.1981
C.2001
D.2011

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

Slum data was collected for the first time in the 2001 Census.

The Census of India 2001 enumerated slums separately for the first time in cities and towns above a population threshold, and published a separate slum population count. The 2011 Census extended slum enumeration to all statutory towns.

The 1981 and 1991 censuses did not count slum populations separately. 2011 is the second such census, not the first.

Discuss in Forum

17.

Which one of the following cities has moved from colonial notions of “pensioners’ paradise” to the globalisation driven “silicon valley of India” ?

A.Hyderabad
B.Bengaluru
C.Pune
D.Dehradun

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The city is Bengaluru.

In colonial and early post-independence times Bangalore, with its mild climate, gardens and cantonment, was known as a quiet 'pensioners' paradise' where retired officials settled. From the 1980s and especially after liberalisation, it became the centre of India's software and IT-services industry and came to be called the 'Silicon Valley of India'.

Hyderabad and Pune are also IT hubs but do not carry that colonial label, and Dehradun is a hill town without such an IT role.

Discuss in Forum

18.

Given below the two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R) :

Assertion (A) : Maharashtra state has the largest number of slum dwellers in India.
Reason (R) : It has the largest number of urban dwellers.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B.Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The key's answer is that both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

The 2011 Census counted the largest slum population of any state in Maharashtra, about 1.18 crore people, and Maharashtra also has the largest urban population of any state, so both statements are true.

A large urban population does not by itself explain slums, though. Slums grow where migrants and the urban poor cannot find affordable housing: through rapid in-migration to cities such as Mumbai, high land prices and a shortage of low-cost housing. The share of slum dwellers in the urban population varies widely between states with similar urban populations, which is why the reason is not taken as the explanation.

Discuss in Forum

19.

Which Anthropologist has differentiated between folk community and urban community ?

A.Robert Redfield
B.Radcliffe-Brown
C.Bronislaw Malinowski
D.Claude Levi-Strauss

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The folk-urban distinction was drawn by Robert Redfield.

From his studies in Yucatan, Mexico, Redfield constructed the folk-urban continuum. The folk society is small, isolated, homogeneous, bound by tradition and sacred sanctions, and held together by personal ties; the urban society is large, heterogeneous, secular and impersonal. Communities can be placed along the continuum between the two.

Radcliffe-Brown developed structural-functional analysis, Malinowski functionalism and fieldwork method, and Levi-Strauss structuralism. None of them is known for the folk and urban types.

Discuss in Forum

20.

The productive organization of land, in recent times, does not consist of ...................... .

A.Family labour
B.Jajmani system
C.Hired labour
D.Tenancy

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

In recent times the productive organisation of land does not consist of the jajmani system.

The jajmani system was the traditional village arrangement in which service and artisan castes worked for landowning patron families in return for fixed annual shares of grain and customary rights. With commercialisation of agriculture, cash wages and the decline of hereditary occupations, it has largely broken down.

Agriculture today is organised through family labour on owned land, hired wage labour and tenancy (including sharecropping and leasing), all of which remain common.

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