Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :List-I (Theorists)List-II (Concepts)(P) Sternberg(1) Convergent thinking(Q) Cattell(2) Performance intelligence(R) Guilford(3) Contextual intelligence(S) Wechsler(4) Crystalized intelligence

The correct match is P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2.Sternberg's triarchic theory includes contextual (practical) intelligence.Raymond Cattell distinguished fluid from crystallized intelligence.Guilford's structure-of-intellect model contrasts convergent with divergent thinking.Wechsler's scales give a verbal and a performance intelligence quotient.Each other option puts at least one theorist against a concept from someone else's model, for example Cattell with convergent thinking.

Match Column-I with Column-II and give your answer with the help of codes given below :Column-I (Psychologist)Column-II (Terms/Concepts)(P) Guilford(1) Measure of 'g' factor(Q) Cattell(2) Performance factor(R) Wechsler(3) Fluid intelligence(S) Binet(4) Content and operations

The correct match is P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1.Guilford's structure-of-intellect model classifies abilities by content, operations and products.Raymond Cattell proposed fluid intelligence (with crystallized).Wechsler's scales separate a performance factor from the verbal factor.Binet's scale, as later analysed, is treated as a measure of the general 'g' factor.Guilford and content-operations is the surest pair, and only option C gives P-4.

Thinking, Intelligence and Creativity Questions and Answers

Q: A common logical error that people make is to seek information that supports their ideas rather than evidence that would invalidate those ideas. This is known as :

The error is the confirmatory (confirmation) bias.Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, notice and remember evidence that supports what one already believes, while neglecting evidence that could disprove it. Wason's selection task showed it neatly: most people turn over cards that could confirm a rule instead of those that could falsify it.Deductive reasoning is drawing conclusions that follow necessarily from premises. Affirming the consequent is the invalid inference 'if p then q; q; therefore p', and affirming the antecedent (modus ponens) is a valid form of argument. Neither describes selective search for supporting evidence.

Q: Which of the following is not a theory of reasoning ?

The one that is not a theory of reasoning is prospect theory.Prospect theory, by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), is a theory of decision making under risk. It explains how people value gains and losses relative to a reference point, with losses weighing more heavily than equal gains.The other three are accounts of how people reason: the mental models theory (Johnson-Laird) says reasoners build and test models of the possibilities; mental logic theories (Braine, Rips) propose built-in inference rules; and the probabilistic approach (Oaksford and Chater) treats reasoning as judging probabilities.

Q: The wrong representation can hinder your ability to solve a problem, especially if you become stuck on that one interpretation. This barrier is called :

The key calls this barrier functional fixedness.Functional fixedness is the tendency to see an object only in terms of its usual function, which stops the solver representing it in the new way the problem needs. Duncker's candle problem is the classic case: people fail to see the box of tacks as a shelf because they represent it only as a container. Being stuck on one interpretation is exactly that kind of fixed representation.An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution, not a barrier, and 'algorithm interference', 'blocked solution path' and 'the representational problem' are not the standard name of this barrier.

Q: DIQ is a measure of :

DIQ, the deviation IQ, is a measure of intelligence in standard scores.Wechsler replaced the ratio IQ with the deviation IQ: a person's score is compared with the scores of his or her own age group and expressed as a standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 (16 in the old Stanford-Binet). It shows how far, in standard deviations, a person is from the age-group average.The ratio IQ, mental age divided by chronological age times 100, is the older measure that DIQ replaced. DIQ is not a measure of any disorder.

Q: Concepts are learned through psychological processes. That are :(1) generalisation(2) classification(3) categorization(4) discriminationSelect the correct option from the codes given below :

Concepts are learned through (1) generalisation and (4) discrimination.Forming a concept requires two processes working together. Generalisation lets the learner treat different instances that share the defining features as members of the same concept (different dogs are all 'dog'). Discrimination lets the learner tell members apart from non-members that look similar (a wolf is not a dog).Classification and categorization describe the outcome, the placing of an item in a concept, rather than the learning processes by which the concept is acquired, which is why the options containing them are not keyed.

Q: Spearman's two-factor theory defines intelligence as :

Spearman's theory treats intelligence as a global, unitary ability.Spearman found that scores on different mental tests are all positively correlated and explained this by a general factor, g, common to all intellectual tasks, plus a specific factor, s, peculiar to each test. Since s varies from test to test, intelligence in his account is essentially the single general ability g.Multiple abilities describe Gardner's theory, a set of primary abilities is Thurstone's, and the 120 combinations are Guilford's structure-of-intellect model.

Q: In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Hema reminds herself that most expensive brands are the best. Hema's self-reminder illustrates the use of :

Hema is using a heuristic.A heuristic is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that usually leads to a good solution quickly but does not guarantee it. 'The most expensive brand is the best' saves her from comparing every product, but it can be wrong.An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees the right answer, such as testing every cosmetic. Framing effects (printed 'farming effects') concern how wording changes choices, and functional fixedness is seeing objects only in their usual use; neither is a price rule of thumb.

Q: Galton attempted to measure intelligence in order to demonstrate that intelligence was determined by :

Galton wanted to show that intelligence was determined by heredity.Francis Galton, Darwin's cousin, argued in Hereditary Genius (1869) that eminence ran in families and so intelligence was inherited. He set up an anthropometric laboratory to measure reaction time, sensory acuity and other simple capacities, believing these reflected inherited mental ability, and he founded the eugenics movement on the same belief.He gave little weight to experience, so options crediting experience, alone or jointly, do not describe his aim.

41.

A common logical error that people make is to seek information that supports their ideas rather than evidence that would invalidate those ideas. This is known as :

A.Deductive reasoning
B.The confirmatory bias
C.Affirming the consequent
D.Affirming the antecedent

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The error is the confirmatory (confirmation) bias.

Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek, notice and remember evidence that supports what one already believes, while neglecting evidence that could disprove it. Wason's selection task showed it neatly: most people turn over cards that could confirm a rule instead of those that could falsify it.

Deductive reasoning is drawing conclusions that follow necessarily from premises. Affirming the consequent is the invalid inference 'if p then q; q; therefore p', and affirming the antecedent (modus ponens) is a valid form of argument. Neither describes selective search for supporting evidence.

Discuss in Forum

42.

Which of the following is not a theory of reasoning ?

A.Mental models
B.Mental logic
C.Prospect theory
D.Probabilistic approach

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The one that is not a theory of reasoning is prospect theory.

Prospect theory, by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), is a theory of decision making under risk. It explains how people value gains and losses relative to a reference point, with losses weighing more heavily than equal gains.

The other three are accounts of how people reason: the mental models theory (Johnson-Laird) says reasoners build and test models of the possibilities; mental logic theories (Braine, Rips) propose built-in inference rules; and the probabilistic approach (Oaksford and Chater) treats reasoning as judging probabilities.

Discuss in Forum

43.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below :

List-I (Theorists)	List-II (Concepts)
(P) Sternberg	(1) Convergent thinking
(Q) Cattell	(2) Performance intelligence
(R) Guilford	(3) Contextual intelligence
(S) Wechsler	(4) Crystalized intelligence

A.P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2
B.P-2, Q-3, R-4, S-1
C.P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4
D.P-4, Q-1, R-2, S-3

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The correct match is P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2.

Sternberg's triarchic theory includes contextual (practical) intelligence.
Raymond Cattell distinguished fluid from crystallized intelligence.
Guilford's structure-of-intellect model contrasts convergent with divergent thinking.
Wechsler's scales give a verbal and a performance intelligence quotient.

Each other option puts at least one theorist against a concept from someone else's model, for example Cattell with convergent thinking.

Discuss in Forum

44.

The wrong representation can hinder your ability to solve a problem, especially if you become stuck on that one interpretation. This barrier is called :

A.The representational problem
B.Algorithm interference
C.A blocked solution path
D.Functional fixedness

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

The key calls this barrier functional fixedness.

Functional fixedness is the tendency to see an object only in terms of its usual function, which stops the solver representing it in the new way the problem needs. Duncker's candle problem is the classic case: people fail to see the box of tacks as a shelf because they represent it only as a container. Being stuck on one interpretation is exactly that kind of fixed representation.

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution, not a barrier, and 'algorithm interference', 'blocked solution path' and 'the representational problem' are not the standard name of this barrier.

Discuss in Forum

45.

DIQ is a measure of :

A.Deviation in personality disorder
B.Deviation in intelligence disorder
C.Intelligence in standard scores
D.Intelligence in the form of ratio I.Q.

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

DIQ, the deviation IQ, is a measure of intelligence in standard scores.

Wechsler replaced the ratio IQ with the deviation IQ: a person's score is compared with the scores of his or her own age group and expressed as a standard score with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 (16 in the old Stanford-Binet). It shows how far, in standard deviations, a person is from the age-group average.

The ratio IQ, mental age divided by chronological age times 100, is the older measure that DIQ replaced. DIQ is not a measure of any disorder.

Discuss in Forum

46.

Concepts are learned through psychological processes. That are :

(1) generalisation
(2) classification
(3) categorization
(4) discrimination

Select the correct option from the codes given below :

A.(1) and (3) only
B.(2) and (3) only
C.(1) and (4) only
D.(3) and (4) only

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

Concepts are learned through (1) generalisation and (4) discrimination.

Forming a concept requires two processes working together. Generalisation lets the learner treat different instances that share the defining features as members of the same concept (different dogs are all 'dog'). Discrimination lets the learner tell members apart from non-members that look similar (a wolf is not a dog).

Classification and categorization describe the outcome, the placing of an item in a concept, rather than the learning processes by which the concept is acquired, which is why the options containing them are not keyed.

Discuss in Forum

47.

Spearman's two-factor theory defines intelligence as :

A.Composed of multiple abilities
B.A global, unitary ability
C.Composed of 120 unique combinations
D.A set of primary abilities

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Spearman's theory treats intelligence as a global, unitary ability.

Spearman found that scores on different mental tests are all positively correlated and explained this by a general factor, g, common to all intellectual tasks, plus a specific factor, s, peculiar to each test. Since s varies from test to test, intelligence in his account is essentially the single general ability g.

Multiple abilities describe Gardner's theory, a set of primary abilities is Thurstone's, and the 120 combinations are Guilford's structure-of-intellect model.

Discuss in Forum

48.

In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Hema reminds herself that most expensive brands are the best. Hema's self-reminder illustrates the use of :

A.An algorithm
B.A heuristic
C.The farming effects
D.Functional fixedness

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Hema is using a heuristic.

A heuristic is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that usually leads to a good solution quickly but does not guarantee it. 'The most expensive brand is the best' saves her from comparing every product, but it can be wrong.

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees the right answer, such as testing every cosmetic. Framing effects (printed 'farming effects') concern how wording changes choices, and functional fixedness is seeing objects only in their usual use; neither is a price rule of thumb.

Discuss in Forum

49.

Galton attempted to measure intelligence in order to demonstrate that intelligence was determined by :

A.Heredity
B.Experience
C.Neither heredity nor experience
D.Both heredity and experience

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

Galton wanted to show that intelligence was determined by heredity.

Francis Galton, Darwin's cousin, argued in Hereditary Genius (1869) that eminence ran in families and so intelligence was inherited. He set up an anthropometric laboratory to measure reaction time, sensory acuity and other simple capacities, believing these reflected inherited mental ability, and he founded the eugenics movement on the same belief.

He gave little weight to experience, so options crediting experience, alone or jointly, do not describe his aim.

Discuss in Forum

50.

Match Column-I with Column-II and give your answer with the help of codes given below :

Column-I (Psychologist)	Column-II (Terms/Concepts)
(P) Guilford	(1) Measure of 'g' factor
(Q) Cattell	(2) Performance factor
(R) Wechsler	(3) Fluid intelligence
(S) Binet	(4) Content and operations

A.P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4
B.P-3, Q-4, R-1, S-2
C.P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1
D.P-2, Q-1, R-4, S-3

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The correct match is P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1.

Guilford's structure-of-intellect model classifies abilities by content, operations and products.
Raymond Cattell proposed fluid intelligence (with crystallized).
Wechsler's scales separate a performance factor from the verbal factor.
Binet's scale, as later analysed, is treated as a measure of the general 'g' factor.

Guilford and content-operations is the surest pair, and only option C gives P-4.

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