Geomorphology Questions and Answers

241.

The author of the book 'The Unstable Earth' is

A.Paschel
B.Gilberk G.K.
C.Mallot C.A.
D.J.A. Steers

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The Unstable Earth is a well known work of the British geomorphologist J.A. Steers (1932), a scholar of coasts and earth movements. Paschel, G.K. Gilbert and C.A. Mallot are other names that appear in geomorphology, but none of them wrote this book. Gilbert is known for his studies of the Henry Mountains and of the Great Basin, so J.A. Steers is the correct author. Steers is also known for his work on the coastline of England and Wales, so the book belongs to the field of earth movements and landforms.

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242.

Which of the following earthquake waves are most destructive ?

A.S-waves
B.P-waves
C.R-waves
D.L-waves

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Of the earthquake waves, the L-waves (long or surface waves, also called Love and Rayleigh waves) are the most destructive, since they travel along the surface with large amplitude and shake the ground horizontally and vertically. P-waves (primary) are fast compressional body waves and S-waves (secondary) are slower shear waves; both arrive earlier and cause less damage. R-waves, the Rayleigh waves, are part of the surface wave group, but the answer as given is the L-waves.

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243.

In which type of climate equiplanation process i.e., reduction of relief to a plain takes place ?

A.Arid climate
B.Cold climate
C.Tropical climate
D.Temperate climate

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The key gives tropical climate. Equiplanation here means the reduction of relief to a plain by long continued denudation, and in climatic geomorphology this is described for the tropical wet and dry regions, where deep weathering and surface wash lower the highlands and leave wide planation surfaces (pediplains and etchplains). In arid climates the pediments form at the foot of the mountains but the mountains persist, while in cold and temperate climates frost action and fluvial erosion work in other ways. The answer follows the official key, and reviewers may wish to note that equiplanation is also used for frost-shaped terraces in cold regions.

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244.

Match the List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - I	List - II
a. Rivers	i. Sand stone
b. Settlements	ii. Gale
c. Winds	iii. Levees
d. Rocks	iv. Satellite

Codes : a b c d

A.iii iv ii i
B.iv iii i ii
C.ii i iv iii
D.i ii iii iv

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The pairs are rivers and levees (iii), settlements and satellite (iv, satellite towns), winds and gale (ii), and rocks and sand stone (i). So a-iii, b-iv, c-ii, d-i, which is code A. Code B puts rivers with satellite, code C puts rivers with gale, and code D matches the lists in serial order, so none of them gives a sensible pairing. Levees are natural embankments built by a river, which fixes the first pair. The match of winds with gale is by wind strength, since a gale is a very strong wind, and sandstone is a sedimentary rock.

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245.

A meteor is

A.Comet without a tail
B.Detached piece of an asteroid
C.Tiny star
D.Piece of matter which has entered the earth's atmosphere from outer space

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

A meteor is the streak of light seen when a piece of matter from outer space enters the earth's atmosphere and burns by friction; it is popularly called a shooting star. A comet without a tail, a detached piece of an asteroid and a tiny star are not what a meteor is. If the piece reaches the ground it is called a meteorite. So the last option, matter that has entered the atmosphere from outer space, is correct. Most meteors burn up high in the air, and only the larger ones survive to land as meteorites.

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246.

Which one of the following is not a glacio-fluvial depositional landform ?

A.Esker
B.Drumlin
C.Kame
D.Horn

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The drumlin is the landform here that meltwater does not build. It is an oval, streamlined hill of unsorted till moulded beneath moving ice, so it is a glacial deposit and not a glacio-fluvial one.

An esker is a long sinuous ridge of sorted sand and gravel laid down by streams running in tunnels in or under the ice. A kame is a mound of stratified sand and gravel deposited by meltwater against or on the ice. Both are glacio-fluvial deposits. The horn is a pyramidal peak left by headward erosion of cirques, so it is erosional and was never a deposit at all.

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247.

Which one of the following arrangements of glacial periods of Pleistocene Ice Age is in a correct chronological order ?

A.Würm - Mindel - Gunz - Riss
B.Riss - Mindel - Wurm - Gunz
C.Mindel - Würm - Gunz - Riss
D.Gunz - Mindel - Riss - Würm

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The Pleistocene glacial periods of the Alps run Gunz, Mindel, Riss and Wurm, from oldest to youngest. Penck and Bruckner named them after Alpine rivers, with warmer interglacial spells between the four advances.

Every other option puts Wurm, the last glaciation, earlier than Gunz or Mindel, or puts Riss before Mindel. Since Riss followed Mindel and Wurm came last, only the order Gunz, Mindel, Riss, Wurm is correct.

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248.

The rigid masses surrounding the geosyncline were termed by Kober as

A.Orogen
B.Kratogen
C.Primarumph
D.Zwischengebirge

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Kober called the rigid masses that lie on both sides of a geosyncline the Kratogen. In his theory of mountain building the geosyncline is the Orogen, a zone of sedimentation that is squeezed when the two Kratogens move toward each other.

The Orogen is the geosyncline itself, so it is not the rigid mass. The Zwischengebirge is the median mass left between the two ranges after folding. Primarumpf is not Kober's term at all, as it is used for the initial surface in the cycle of Walther Penck.

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249.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Select your answer from the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : On Hawai Islands volcanic eruption are effusive type.
Reason (R) : Less viscous lavas erupt quitly.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(R) is true, but (A) is false.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both statements are true and R explains A. The Hawaiian volcanoes are shield volcanoes built of basaltic lava, which has low silica content and low viscosity, so gases escape easily and the lava pours out quietly in an effusive eruption rather than exploding.

High viscosity lava, as in andesitic or rhyolitic volcanoes, traps gas and causes explosive eruptions. So the low viscosity named in R is the direct cause of the quiet, effusive eruptions in A, and the options that deny either statement or the link fail.

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250.

Match List - I with List - II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :

List - I (River)	List - II (Types of Delta)
a. Mississippi	i. Arcuate
b. Ganga	ii. Birdfoot
c. Narmada	iii. Abandoned
d. Old course of yellow	iv. Estuarine

Codes : a b c d

A.i ii iv iii
B.ii i iii iv
C.ii i iv iii
D.iv ii i iii

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The Mississippi has a birdfoot delta (ii), the Ganga an arcuate delta (i), the Narmada an estuarine one (iv), and the old course of the Yellow River is an abandoned delta (iii). This gives the code ii, i, iv, iii.

The Mississippi's birdfoot is the most recognised pair, so codes that begin with i or iv fail. The Narmada empties into the Gulf of Khambhat through an estuary, not a delta, which rules out the code that gives it iii or i.

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