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Introduction to Public Administration Questions and Answers

91.

A virtual organisation is

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

A virtual organisation is a small core organisation that outsources its major business functions to outside firms and links with them through networks and information technology.

It is not defined by profit as its goal, which many kinds of organisation share, nor by leadership meeting the psychological needs of subordinates, nor by employee concern as the top priority. Those descriptions belong to other themes in management. Outsourcing around a small core is the mark of the virtual form.

Examples are firms that keep design and brand in-house but hire out production, logistics and support, so the 'organisation' is largely a web of contracts and electronic links.

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92.

'To confer authority from one executive or organization unit to another' is called

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: D

Conferring authority from one executive or organisation unit to another is delegation. The superior passes down part of his authority to act, but remains answerable for the results.

Hierarchy is the chain of superior-subordinate levels, and unity of command means each person has one boss. Decentralisation is the wider, systematic dispersal of authority throughout the organisation, not the passing of authority from one unit to another in a particular case.

The distinction matters in practice: a manager who delegates still carries the accountability for results, whereas decentralisation changes where decisions are normally taken across the whole structure.

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93.

A graphic story explaining different aspects of supervision is presented by

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

The key gives the graphic story explaining different aspects of supervision to Williamson (option C).

Fayol is known for the principles of management and the 'gangplank', Millett for work on government management and the idea of the 'efficiency' of public administration, and Gulick for POSDCORB. The graphic account of supervision is taken from the official key, with Fayol, Millett and Gulick set aside for their better-known contributions.

This item rests on the official key and the author's list of supervision studies, in which Williamson is the one who is linked with the picture-story account.

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94.

"The issue of decentralisation is more complex in concept and practice than is generally acknowledged." This view is expressed by _______.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: A

The view that decentralisation is more complex in concept and practice than is generally acknowledged is expressed by James W. Fesler, who wrote on areas and administration and on the problem of decentralisation.

Katz and Kahn wrote on the social psychology of organisations, Gibson and Donnelly on organisational behaviour. Their works are about structures and behaviour but the statement quoted is not theirs.

Fesler wrote on the theory and practice of areas of administration, and in that context he noted that dispersing authority raises problems of control that are often understated.

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95.

Field establishments are controlled by headquarters through which of the following methods ?

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

Field establishments are controlled by headquarters through reporting, audit, inspection and investigation, which together give headquarters a view of what is done in the field and a check on it.

Accounts and reporting alone, or advance review and personal inspection, name only some of the tools. Judicial and legislative measures are controls over the administration as a whole, not the means by which a headquarters controls its own field offices.

Headquarters cannot manage far-off offices by command alone, so it combines written reports, audit of accounts, visits and inspection, and special investigations of complaints.

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