Language Concepts and Pedagogy Questions and Answers

Q: Which of these is NOT a dialect of English ?

Bradbury is not a dialect of English.Bradbury is a surname, as of the novelists Malcolm Bradbury and Ray Bradbury, and not the name of a regional variety of English.The others are dialects. Yorkshire English is a well-known northern dialect. Welsh English is the variety spoken in Wales, shaped by the Welsh language. Kentish was one of the four main dialects of Old English (with West Saxon, Mercian and Northumbrian) and survives in the speech of Kent.

Q: In a nasalised sound the air stream :

In a nasalised sound the air stream escapes through the oral and the nasal passage simultaneously.When the soft palate (velum) is lowered while the mouth is also open, air flows out through both the mouth and the nose. That gives a nasalised sound, such as the nasalised vowels of French or Hindi.Air escaping through the nose only, with the mouth closed off, describes a nasal consonant such as /m/ or /n/, not a nasalised sound. Air through the mouth only is an ordinary oral sound, and air not escaping at all describes the hold stage of a stop, not nasalisation.

Q: The Audio-Lingual Method of language teaching uses :

The Audio-Lingual Method rests on Behaviourist theory.Developed in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, it treats language learning as habit formation: stimulus, response and reinforcement, practised through pattern drills, repetition and memorised dialogues, so that correct forms become automatic. Its linguistic basis was structural linguistics.Cognitive theory, which sees learning as the active formation of rules, was the basis of the reaction against it. Communicative theory underlies Communicative Language Teaching, and 'semantic theory' names no teaching method.

Q: The use of an interactive model of language teaching materials based on the learner's everyday life situations are the strategies used by :

These strategies belong to The Communicative Language Approach.Communicative Language Teaching aims at the ability to use language for real purposes. It builds lessons around interaction, such as role plays, information-gap tasks and problem solving, using materials drawn from the learner's everyday situations, so meaning and fluency come before drilled form.The Army Method (the wartime Army Specialized Training Program) relied on intensive drill and imitation, the Reading Method on reading comprehension in the foreign language, and the Bilingual Method on using the mother tongue to convey meaning. None is built on interactive, life-based tasks.

Q: Who among the following did not publish a dictionary of the English language ?

The man who did not publish an English dictionary is William Tyndale.Tyndale (about 1494-1536) is famous for translating the New Testament from Greek into English, a translation that shaped the King James Bible; he was executed for heresy.The other three were lexicographers: Robert Cawdrey published A Table Alphabeticall (1604), the first monolingual English dictionary; Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) was the most popular before Johnson; and Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language appeared in 1755.

Q: Teaching English for communicative competence in a specific field such as IT, engineering, business, accounting, hospitality is referred to by the acronym :

The acronym is ESP, English for Specific Purposes.ESP courses are designed around the needs of learners in a particular field, such as engineering, IT, business, accounting or hospitality, teaching the vocabulary, genres and communicative tasks of that field.EAP (English for Academic Purposes) prepares students for study in English and is usually treated as one branch of ESP, but it is about academic study rather than occupational fields. EGP is English for General Purposes, with no specific field, and 'EFP' is not a standard term.

Q: Phonology studies :

Phonology studies patterns of sound.Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how sounds function in a particular language: its phonemes, the rules for combining them, and patterns of stress, syllable structure and intonation. Phonetics, by contrast, studies the physical production and perception of speech sounds.Patterns of meaning belong to semantics, patterns of sentences to syntax, and patterns of letters to orthography or graphology, so the other options name different levels of language.

Q: Vowels are produced with a stricture of :

Vowels are produced with a stricture of open approximation.Stricture is the degree to which the articulators come together. For a vowel the tongue stays well away from the roof of the mouth, so air flows out freely without friction; that wide gap is open approximation.Close approximation, where the articulators are near enough to cause audible friction, produces fricatives such as /s/ and /f/. Complete closure produces stops, and a vowel cannot be made with no approximation at all or with open and close approximation at once.

Q: In Halliday's classification of the functions of language, language use for learning and exploring the environment is termed as :

Halliday calls this use of language heuristic.In his account of how children learn language, M. A. K. Halliday listed functions such as instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative and representational (informative). The heuristic function is language used to learn and explore the environment, typically by asking questions such as 'What's that?' and 'Why?'.The representational function conveys information, the imaginative function creates a world of make-believe, and the interactional function maintains relationships, so none of them names learning and exploring.

31.

Which of these is NOT a dialect of English ?

A.Yorkshire
B.Welsh
C.Bradbury
D.Kentish

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: C

Bradbury is not a dialect of English.

Bradbury is a surname, as of the novelists Malcolm Bradbury and Ray Bradbury, and not the name of a regional variety of English.

The others are dialects. Yorkshire English is a well-known northern dialect. Welsh English is the variety spoken in Wales, shaped by the Welsh language. Kentish was one of the four main dialects of Old English (with West Saxon, Mercian and Northumbrian) and survives in the speech of Kent.

Discuss in Forum

32.

The relevance of behaviourist psychology to language learning was questioned by :

A.Chomsky
B.Skinner
C.Halliday
D.Fries

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2019, SET Exam - 2019,

Answer: A

The relevance of behaviourism to language learning was questioned by Chomsky.

In his 1959 review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior, Noam Chomsky argued that stimulus, response and reinforcement cannot explain how children acquire language. Children produce and understand sentences they have never heard, and master complex grammar from limited and imperfect input, which points to an innate language faculty.

Skinner was the behaviourist whose theory was attacked, Charles Fries applied behaviourist and structuralist ideas to language teaching (the audio-lingual method), and Halliday developed systemic functional linguistics.

Discuss in Forum

33.

In a nasalised sound the air stream :

A.escapes through the nasal passage only
B.escapes through the oral and the nasal passage simultaneously
C.escapes through the oral passage only
D.does not escape at all

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

In a nasalised sound the air stream escapes through the oral and the nasal passage simultaneously.

When the soft palate (velum) is lowered while the mouth is also open, air flows out through both the mouth and the nose. That gives a nasalised sound, such as the nasalised vowels of French or Hindi.

Air escaping through the nose only, with the mouth closed off, describes a nasal consonant such as /m/ or /n/, not a nasalised sound. Air through the mouth only is an ordinary oral sound, and air not escaping at all describes the hold stage of a stop, not nasalisation.

Discuss in Forum

34.

The Audio-Lingual Method of language teaching uses :

A.Communicative theory
B.Cognitive theory
C.Behaviourist theory
D.Semantic theory

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

The Audio-Lingual Method rests on Behaviourist theory.

Developed in the United States in the 1940s and 1950s, it treats language learning as habit formation: stimulus, response and reinforcement, practised through pattern drills, repetition and memorised dialogues, so that correct forms become automatic. Its linguistic basis was structural linguistics.

Cognitive theory, which sees learning as the active formation of rules, was the basis of the reaction against it. Communicative theory underlies Communicative Language Teaching, and 'semantic theory' names no teaching method.

Discuss in Forum

35.

The use of an interactive model of language teaching materials based on the learner's everyday life situations are the strategies used by :

A.The Army Method
B.The Reading Method
C.The Communicative Language Approach
D.The Bilingual Method

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: C

These strategies belong to The Communicative Language Approach.

Communicative Language Teaching aims at the ability to use language for real purposes. It builds lessons around interaction, such as role plays, information-gap tasks and problem solving, using materials drawn from the learner's everyday situations, so meaning and fluency come before drilled form.

The Army Method (the wartime Army Specialized Training Program) relied on intensive drill and imitation, the Reading Method on reading comprehension in the foreign language, and the Bilingual Method on using the mother tongue to convey meaning. None is built on interactive, life-based tasks.

Discuss in Forum

36.

Who among the following did not publish a dictionary of the English language ?

A.Robert Cawdrey
B.William Tyndale
C.Nathaniel Bailey
D.Samuel Johnson

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The man who did not publish an English dictionary is William Tyndale.

Tyndale (about 1494-1536) is famous for translating the New Testament from Greek into English, a translation that shaped the King James Bible; he was executed for heresy.

The other three were lexicographers: Robert Cawdrey published A Table Alphabeticall (1604), the first monolingual English dictionary; Nathaniel Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) was the most popular before Johnson; and Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language appeared in 1755.

Discuss in Forum

37.

Teaching English for communicative competence in a specific field such as IT, engineering, business, accounting, hospitality is referred to by the acronym :

A.ESP
B.EAP
C.EGP
D.EFP

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

The acronym is ESP, English for Specific Purposes.

ESP courses are designed around the needs of learners in a particular field, such as engineering, IT, business, accounting or hospitality, teaching the vocabulary, genres and communicative tasks of that field.

EAP (English for Academic Purposes) prepares students for study in English and is usually treated as one branch of ESP, but it is about academic study rather than occupational fields. EGP is English for General Purposes, with no specific field, and 'EFP' is not a standard term.

Discuss in Forum

38.

Phonology studies :

A.Patterns of sound
B.Patterns of meaning
C.Patterns of letters
D.Patterns of sentences

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Phonology studies patterns of sound.

Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how sounds function in a particular language: its phonemes, the rules for combining them, and patterns of stress, syllable structure and intonation. Phonetics, by contrast, studies the physical production and perception of speech sounds.

Patterns of meaning belong to semantics, patterns of sentences to syntax, and patterns of letters to orthography or graphology, so the other options name different levels of language.

Discuss in Forum

39.

Vowels are produced with a stricture of :

A.open approximation
B.close approximation
C.open and close approximation at the same time
D.without any approximation

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Vowels are produced with a stricture of open approximation.

Stricture is the degree to which the articulators come together. For a vowel the tongue stays well away from the roof of the mouth, so air flows out freely without friction; that wide gap is open approximation.

Close approximation, where the articulators are near enough to cause audible friction, produces fricatives such as /s/ and /f/. Complete closure produces stops, and a vowel cannot be made with no approximation at all or with open and close approximation at once.

Discuss in Forum

40.

In Halliday's classification of the functions of language, language use for learning and exploring the environment is termed as :

A.Representational
B.Imaginative
C.Interactional
D.Heuristic

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: D

Halliday calls this use of language heuristic.

In his account of how children learn language, M. A. K. Halliday listed functions such as instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative and representational (informative). The heuristic function is language used to learn and explore the environment, typically by asking questions such as 'What's that?' and 'Why?'.

The representational function conveys information, the imaginative function creates a world of make-believe, and the interactional function maintains relationships, so none of them names learning and exploring.

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