Extension and Community Development Questions and Answers

Answer: D

The key is the code II and IV, a formal and flexible curriculum. A flexible curriculum is the essential feature, since it can be adapted to the abilities, interests and pace of different learners, and that is how individual differences are met.

A lengthy curriculum does not meet individual differences, so the code with item I is wrong. Of the two codes with the flexible item, the one that adds a lengthy curriculum is wrong, which leaves the code II and IV. The answer rests on the official key.

Answer: A

A plan of work and a calendar of work are closely related to programme planning. Once the programme is chosen, the extension worker prepares a plan of work saying what is to be done, and a calendar of work saying when it is done. These are items I and II.

Supervision and coordination belong to the stages of implementing and managing the programme after planning, so the codes with items III and IV are less suitable.

Programme planning in extension involves finding the needs, setting objectives, deciding the activities, and then drawing up the plan of work and the calendar of work. The next phases are execution, supervision, coordination and evaluation.

Answer: D

The power of a statistical test of a mean depends on all four factors. It depends on the particular alternative hypothesis assumed to be true when the null is false, because a larger true difference is easier to detect, on the significance level alpha chosen, since a larger alpha raises power, on the size of the sample, because a larger sample reduces the standard error, and on the variability of the population, since less variability makes the test more sensitive.

So the code all of the above is right and the codes that leave out any factor are wrong.

Answer: C

Both statements are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion. The test-retest method gives the same instrument to the same group twice and correlates the scores to judge reliability, which is the assertion.

The reason, that an instrument needs both reliability and validity, is also true, but it does not explain why the test-retest method is a measure of reliability. So the code of both true but not explaining is right.

Answer: A

The key arranges the recommendations for non-formal education by year as the Kothari Commission (II) of 1964 to 1966, the National Policy on Education (I) of 1968, the National Education Policy (III) of 1986, and the new National Policy on Education (IV) of 1992 as revised. So the code is II, I, III, IV.

The other codes place the 1968 policy before the commission or the 1986 policy before the 1968 one.

The Kothari Commission of 1964 to 1966 recommended education for all, and the first National Policy on Education of 1968 was based on its report. The National Education Policy of 1986 was revised in 1992, which gives the order of the years.

Answer: A

The steps of research in the correct order are the rationale (II), the objectives (III), the review of literature (I), the methodology (IV), the results (VI) and the interpretation (V). So the code is II, III, I, IV, VI, V.

The reason for doing the study comes first, the objectives follow from it, the literature is reviewed, the method is planned and used, the results are presented, and they are then interpreted. The other codes put the interpretation before the results or the objectives after the review.

Answer: C

Motivation is an inner state that energises, activates or moves and directs human behaviour towards goals (ii), learning is a process by which a person is changed in behaviour through self-activity (iii), a need is a gap between what is and what ought to be (iv), and interest is a desire on the part of an individual to learn (i). So the code is ii, iii, iv, i.

The other codes give the definitions to the wrong concepts.

Interest is the desire to learn, and a need is a felt gap between the present situation and the desired one, which starts the process. Motivation energises and directs behaviour towards the goal, and learning is the change in behaviour that results from it.

Answer: B

The median is the midway point between the top and bottom halves of a distribution (v), the Wilcoxon test is a non-parametric test (iii), a symmetric distribution has the mean and median of equal value (iv), Tukey's HSD is a post hoc comparison (i), and a Type I error is falsely rejecting the null hypothesis (vi). So the code is v, iii, iv, i, vi.

The arithmetic average of a distribution, item ii, is the mean and has no match here. The other codes pair the median with the mean or the Wilcoxon test with post hoc comparison.

Answer: C

The answer is the Sixth Five Year Plan.

From the Sixth Plan (1980-85) onwards women were treated as partners in development, with a separate chapter on women and development, instead of only as recipients of welfare services. Earlier plans, including the Fourth and Fifth, were still largely welfare oriented.

The Seventh Plan continued the approach but the shift began with the Sixth.

The change of approach was gradual, and the Sixth Plan is the one at which the plan documents first speak of development.

Answer: C

The parts are environmental, economic, sociopolitical and cultural sustainability (I, II, III and IV).

Sustainable development rests on keeping the environment healthy, the economy viable, society and its institutions fair, and culture alive for the generations to come.

'Low economic sustainability' is not a part of sustainable development but the opposite of one, so any option that includes statement V is wrong.