Top-level aircraft requirements are best described as
Answer: A
Payload, range, cruise speed, field length and certification basis between them fix the design problem before any shape is drawn. Everything downstream is derived from them, which is why getting them wrong is the most expensive error available.
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A mission profile specifies
Answer: B
Taxi, take-off, climb, cruise, descent, loiter, approach and diversion each consume fuel and impose their own requirements. Sizing calculations march through the profile segment by segment, so its definition precedes any weight estimate.
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The payload-range diagram shows
Answer: C
It has a flat portion at maximum payload, a sloping portion where payload is traded for fuel at constant maximum weight, and a final leg at maximum fuel where payload falls away. The corner points are among the most quoted figures in any aircraft's specification.
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On a payload-range diagram, the first corner point occurs where
Answer: D
Up to that range the aircraft carries full payload and adds fuel; beyond it the weight limit binds, so payload must be given up for every extra kilogram of fuel. The second corner marks full tanks, after which range extends only by offloading payload.
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The certification basis for a large transport aeroplane in Europe is
Answer: A
The applicable code is agreed with the authority at the outset and fixes structural factors, performance margins, systems requirements and much else. It is a requirement in its own right and one that cannot be traded away.
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Airport compatibility constrains an aircraft's design chiefly through
Answer: B
ICAO aerodrome reference codes set span and undercarriage track boxes that an aircraft must fit within to use a given category of airport. Exceeding a box can cut an aircraft off from a large part of its intended market, which is why folding wingtips have appeared.
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A folding wingtip is adopted on some transports in order to
Answer: C
Correct answer: Gain span yet still fit the gate box
Airport gate boxes fix the parked span - 36 m for ICAO Code C, 65 m for Code E - and exceeding one cuts the aircraft off from a large number of stands. A folding tip lets the wing be built with the greater span that lowers induced drag in flight, then folded on the ground to stay within the box. The mechanism adds weight and complexity, so it is adopted only where the aerodynamic gain outweighs them.
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Noise certification requirements affect design principally through
Answer: D
Chapter 14 limits are measured at defined points on take-off, sideline and approach, and meeting them shapes the engine cycle and the nacelle acoustic lining. Airframe noise from gear and high-lift devices matters increasingly as engines have quietened.
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A well-written requirement should be
Answer: A
Stating what must be achieved rather than how leaves the designer free to find the best solution, and stating it verifiably means compliance can be demonstrated. A requirement nobody can test is not a requirement but an aspiration.
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Requirements flow-down refers to
Answer: B
Each level's requirements must be shown to satisfy the level above, so that meeting every component requirement guarantees meeting the aircraft's. Maintaining that traceability is the central discipline of systems engineering on a large programme.
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