Microbial Genetics Questions and Answers

Q: Which type of genomics studies the transcripts and proteins expressed by a genome?

Correct answer: Functional genomicsFunctional genomics asks what the genome does rather than what it contains: which genes are transcribed under which conditions, and which proteins result. Transcriptomics and proteomics are its two principal approaches, and both compare states rather than describing a single one.

Q: Which of the following is used for determining the location of specific genes within the genome?

Correct answer: AnnotationSequencing yields a string of bases; annotation identifies what is in it - the open reading frames, their boundaries, the regulatory regions, and the likely function of each product by comparison with known genes. Without it the sequence is data rather than information.

Q: Bacterial recombination causes transformation of the recipient cell to _______________

Correct answer: merozygoteA recipient that has taken in a fragment of donor DNA is diploid for that region only and haploid elsewhere, which is what merozygote means - a partial zygote. The state is transient: either the fragment recombines into the chromosome or it is degraded and lost.

Q: Which of the following is the study of the molecular organization of genomes, their information content and the gene products they encode?

Correct answer: GenomicsGenomics takes the whole genome as its unit - its organisation, its information content and the products it encodes - where classical genetics worked gene by gene. That change of scale is what the availability of complete sequences made possible.

Q: Studies of similarities and differences among the genomes of multiple organisms is carried out in

Correct answer: comparative genomicsComparing genomes shows what is conserved and therefore probably essential, what differs and therefore accounts for the differences between organisms, and what has been acquired horizontally. It is how function is inferred for genes nobody has studied experimentally.

Q: The species of bacteria, which possesses 250 genes for lipid biosynthesis is

Correct answer: M. tuberculosisAbout 250 of the roughly 4,000 genes of M. tuberculosis are devoted to lipid metabolism, an extraordinary proportion. It reflects the organism’s unusual cell envelope of mycolic acids and complex lipids, which gives it its acid-fast staining, its impermeability to drugs and much of its ability to survive inside macrophages.

Q: The transfer of naked DNA from one cell to another is referred to as _______________

Correct answer: TransformationTransformation is the uptake of free DNA released by lysed cells, and it requires the recipient to be competent - a physiological state some species enter naturally and others can be forced into. It was the phenomenon in which Griffith and then Avery identified DNA as the genetic material.

Q: Which of the enzymes are used to cut the recipient DNA?

Correct answer: endonucleaseAn endonuclease cuts within the DNA strand, which is what is needed to open the recipient chromosome so that donor material can be inserted. An exonuclease trims from the ends, ligases join, and polymerases synthesise - the four together being the toolkit for recombination and for genetic engineering.

Q: Which of the following is concerned with the management and analysis of biological data using computers?

Correct answer: BioinformaticsA single bacterial genome is millions of bases and a comparison spans many genomes, so the analysis is only possible by computer. Bioinformatics supplies the databases, the alignment and search algorithms, and the statistical methods, and it has become inseparable from the experimental work it serves.

11.

Which type of genomics studies the transcripts and proteins expressed by a genome?

A.Comparative genomics
B.Structural genomics
C.Proteo genomics
D.Functional genomics

Answer: D

Correct answer: Functional genomics

Functional genomics asks what the genome does rather than what it contains: which genes are transcribed under which conditions, and which proteins result. Transcriptomics and proteomics are its two principal approaches, and both compare states rather than describing a single one.

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12.

Which of the following is used for determining the location of specific genes within the genome?

A.Genomics
B.Annotation
C.Cloning
D.Proteomics

Answer: B

Correct answer: Annotation

Sequencing yields a string of bases; annotation identifies what is in it - the open reading frames, their boundaries, the regulatory regions, and the likely function of each product by comparison with known genes. Without it the sequence is data rather than information.

Discuss in Forum

13.

Bacterial recombination causes transformation of the recipient cell to _______________

A.donor cell
B.merozygote
C.zygote
D.recipient cell

Answer: B

Correct answer: merozygote

A recipient that has taken in a fragment of donor DNA is diploid for that region only and haploid elsewhere, which is what merozygote means - a partial zygote. The state is transient: either the fragment recombines into the chromosome or it is degraded and lost.

Discuss in Forum

14.

Which of the following is the study of the molecular organization of genomes, their information content and the gene products they encode?

A.Genetics
B.Ergonomics
C.Genomics
D.Bioinformatics

Answer: C

Correct answer: Genomics

Genomics takes the whole genome as its unit - its organisation, its information content and the products it encodes - where classical genetics worked gene by gene. That change of scale is what the availability of complete sequences made possible.

Discuss in Forum

15.

Studies of similarities and differences among the genomes of multiple organisms is carried out in

A.comparative genomics
B.proteomics
C.functional genomics
D.structural genomics

Answer: A

Correct answer: comparative genomics

Comparing genomes shows what is conserved and therefore probably essential, what differs and therefore accounts for the differences between organisms, and what has been acquired horizontally. It is how function is inferred for genes nobody has studied experimentally.

Discuss in Forum

16.

The species of bacteria, which possesses 250 genes for lipid biosynthesis is

A.M. genitalium
B.M. tuberculosis
C.E. coli
D.H. influenzae

Answer: B

Correct answer: M. tuberculosis

About 250 of the roughly 4,000 genes of M. tuberculosis are devoted to lipid metabolism, an extraordinary proportion. It reflects the organism’s unusual cell envelope of mycolic acids and complex lipids, which gives it its acid-fast staining, its impermeability to drugs and much of its ability to survive inside macrophages.

Discuss in Forum

17.

The transfer of naked DNA from one cell to another is referred to as _______________

A.Transduction
B.Lysogeny
C.Transformation
D.Conjugation

Answer: C

Correct answer: Transformation

Transformation is the uptake of free DNA released by lysed cells, and it requires the recipient to be competent - a physiological state some species enter naturally and others can be forced into. It was the phenomenon in which Griffith and then Avery identified DNA as the genetic material.

Discuss in Forum

18.

Which of the enzymes are used to cut the recipient DNA?

A.endonuclease
B.exonuclease
C.ligases
D.polymerase

Answer: A

Correct answer: endonuclease

An endonuclease cuts within the DNA strand, which is what is needed to open the recipient chromosome so that donor material can be inserted. An exonuclease trims from the ends, ligases join, and polymerases synthesise - the four together being the toolkit for recombination and for genetic engineering.

Discuss in Forum

19.

Which of the following theory is supported by the genomic sequence of the obligate intracellular parasite Rickettsia prowazekii ?

A.Parasitic bacteria have very large genomes
B.Parasites have a definite genomic sequence similar to viruses
C.Mitochondria have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria
D.All bacteria evolved from viruses

Answer: C

Correct answer: Mitochondria have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria

Rickettsia prowazekii is an obligate intracellular parasite whose genome is small and whose retained genes for aerobic energy generation resemble those of mitochondria more closely than any other bacterium’s. That similarity is strong evidence that mitochondria descend from an alpha-proteobacterial endosymbiont.

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20.

Which of the following is concerned with the management and analysis of biological data using computers?

A.Bio-physics
B.Bioinformatics
C.Genomics
D.Biomechanics

Answer: B

Correct answer: Bioinformatics

A single bacterial genome is millions of bases and a comparison spans many genomes, so the analysis is only possible by computer. Bioinformatics supplies the databases, the alignment and search algorithms, and the statistical methods, and it has become inseparable from the experimental work it serves.

Discuss in Forum

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