Statements: Some mangoes are yellow. Some tixo are mangoes.
Conclusions:
1. Some mangoes are green.
2. Tixo is a yellow.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Neither (1) nor (2) follows
Conclusion 1 brings in green, a colour the statements never mention. Conclusion 2 needs the mangoes that are yellow to be the same as the mangoes that are tixo, and two “somes” give no such assurance. Neither follows.
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Statement -
A. Some drugs are illegal. Marble is illegal. Marble is a drug.
B. All wolves are dogs. Some dogs are birds. Some wolves are dogs.
C. All locks are keys. Some keys do not open. Some locks do not open.
Answer: D
Correct answer: None
In A the middle term “illegal” is undistributed: some drugs are illegal and marble is illegal, which does not make marble a drug. In B the third segment follows from the first premise alone, so it is not deduced from both. In C, “some keys do not open” need not touch the locks at all. None of the three qualifies.
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Statements:
I. No English is an Odia.
II. Some Odia are Hindi.
Conclusions:
I. No English is a Hindi.
II. Some Hindi are not English.
Answer: B
Correct answer: If only conclusion II follows
The Odia who are Hindi are, by the first statement, not English - so some Hindi are not English, conclusion II. Conclusion I goes further and excludes all Hindi from English, which the statements do not warrant. Only II follows.
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Statements: Some questions are answers. Some answers are writers. All the writers are poets.
Conclusions:
1. Some writers are answers.
2. Some poets are questions.
3. All the questions are poets.
4. Some poets are answers.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only (1) and (4)
Some answers are writers gives its converse, some writers are answers - conclusion 1 - and since all writers are poets, those answers are poets too, giving some poets are answers, conclusion 4. Conclusions 2 and 3 try to reach questions, which are linked only by a particular.
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In the question below is given a statement followed by two conclusions numbered I and II.
Give answer
(A) If only I follows
(B) If only II follows
(C) If either I or II follows
(D) If neither I nor II follows
(E) If both I and II follow.
Statement -
I. Some red are blue.
II. Some blue are green.
Conclusion -
I. No green are blue.
II. Some green are blue.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Only II follows
Some green are blue is simply the converse of the second statement, so conclusion II follows. Conclusion I denies that overlap and so contradicts what is given. Only II follows.
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The question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.
Statement -
I. All papers are books
II. All bags are books
III. Some purses are bags
Conclusion -
I. Some papers are bags
II. Some books are papers
III. Some books are purses
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both II and III follow
All papers are books gives its converse, some books are papers - conclusion II. Some purses are bags and all bags are books, so some purses are books, that is some books are purses - conclusion III. Conclusion I links papers to bags, which the statements do not. Both II and III follow.
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Statements: All men are vertebrates. Some mammals are vertebrates.
Conclusions:
1. All men are mammals.
2. All mammals are men.
3. Some vertebrates are mammals.
4. All vertebrates are men.
Answer: C
Correct answer: Only (3)
Some mammals are vertebrates gives its converse, some vertebrates are mammals. The other three try to link men with mammals, and the only connection is through vertebrates as a predicate in both statements - an undistributed middle, which proves nothing.
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Statements: Some cows are crows. Some crows are elephants.
Conclusions:
1. Some cows are elephants.
2. All crows are elephants.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Neither (1) nor (2) follows
Both statements are particular - some cows are crows, some crows are elephants - and the crows in the two need not be the same, so nothing links cows to elephants. Conclusion 2 goes further still, making a universal out of a particular. Neither follows.
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The question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.
Statement -
I. Some buttons are rivers.
II. Some rivers are shirts.
III. All shirts are people.
Conclusion -
I. Some people are rivers.
II. Some people are buttons.
III. Some shirts are buttons.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Only I follows
Some rivers are shirts and all shirts are people, so some rivers are people - that is, some people are rivers, conclusion I. Conclusions II and III both need to reach buttons, and the only statement about buttons is particular, so nothing follows. Only I follows.
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The question given below has a set of three or four statements. Each set of statements is further divided into three segments. Choose the alternative where the third segment in the statement can be logically deduced using both the preceding two, but not just from one of them.
Statement -
I. All flowers are toys.
II. Some toys are idiots.
III. Some angels are idiots.
Conclusion -
I. Some angels are toys.
II. Some idiots are flowers.
III. Some flowers are angels.
Answer: D
Correct answer: None follows
Every link here runs through a particular statement - some toys are idiots, some angels are idiots - and two particulars can never yield a conclusion. Nothing connects flowers to angels, or angels to toys, or idiots to flowers with any certainty. None follows.
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