Decision Making Questions and Answers

Q: Non programmed decisions are most likely to be made by:

Correct answer: top management.Non-programmed decisions are novel, unstructured and consequential, so they reach the level with the authority and the perspective to take them. The corresponding point is that programmed decisions should be pushed downward - a senior manager spending time on them is spending it on work that a rule could do.

Q: Several studies have examined the effect of selected personality variables on the decision making process. These studies generally have focused on _____________ variables.

Correct answer: all of the aboveThe research has looked at three kinds of variable together: the personality of the decision maker, the situation in which the decision is taken, and the interaction between the two. The last is what makes the field difficult - the same person decides differently in different circumstances.

Q: Decision making step, which consists of organization goals, predicting alternatives and communicating goals is called

Correct answer: planningPlanning is the step at which goals are set, alternatives predicted and the goals communicated to those who must act on them. Control is its counterpart, covering implementation and the feedback from it - and the two together form the cycle within which decisions are made and learned from.

Q: _____________ refers to the seriousness of a problem's effects

Correct answer: impactThe three dimensions used to rank problems are urgency, how soon attention is needed; impact, how serious the effects are; and growth tendency, how quickly the problem will worsen if left. A problem may be urgent without being important, which is why the dimensions are assessed separately.

Q: A decision based primarily on an almost unconscious reliance on the decision maker's experience without a conscious rational analysis having been made is called:

Correct answer: intuitiveIntuition here is not the absence of reasoning but reasoning that has become automatic through experience, so the decision maker reaches a judgement without being able to set out the steps. It is fast and often good in a familiar domain, and unreliable outside one.

Q: Problems are usually of the following type(s):

Correct answer: all of the aboveAll three arise. A crisis demands immediate attention; a routine problem recurs and is handled by procedure; and a missed opportunity is a problem too, though a less visible one. The third is the easiest to overlook, since nothing has gone wrong - something has merely not gone right.

Q: Which of these does not form part of the key streams identified by March (1988) in decision making in highly ambiguous environments?

Correct answer: ExpectationsMarch’s garbage can model identifies four streams flowing independently through an organisation: problems, solutions, participants and choice opportunities. A decision happens when they happen to coincide. Expectations is not among them - and the absence of anything so orderly is the point of the model.

Q: A process for arriving at an evaluation of decisions, in which selected individuals are asked to respond individually to key questions about a problem, then are provided with a summary of the responses, all members have given and invited to respond again is called:

Correct answer: delphi techniqueThe Delphi technique gathers judgements in writing and in rounds, with a summary of the group’s responses fed back before each new round. Because the participants never meet, no one dominates and no one is swayed by status, which is what makes it useful for forecasting and for genuinely contested questions.

Q: Costs that behaves as irrelevant costs in process of decision making are classified as

Correct answer: past costsA cost already incurred is the same whatever is now decided, so it cannot distinguish between the alternatives and is irrelevant to the choice. Only costs that differ between the alternatives - future and differential - are relevant, and opportunity costs are relevant for precisely that reason: they differ according to what is chosen.

Q: Fourth step in decision making process is

Correct answer: making decisionsHaving predicted the outcomes of the alternatives in the third step, the fourth chooses among them. Implementation and evaluation follow as the fifth, which is where the feedback for the next cycle comes from.

Important Instructions

31.

Non programmed decisions are most likely to be made by:

A.middle management.
B.lower management.
C.top management.
D.supervisory management.

Answer: C

Correct answer: top management.

Non-programmed decisions are novel, unstructured and consequential, so they reach the level with the authority and the perspective to take them. The corresponding point is that programmed decisions should be pushed downward - a senior manager spending time on them is spending it on work that a rule could do.

Discuss in Forum

32.

Several studies have examined the effect of selected personality variables on the decision making process. These studies generally have focused on _____________ variables.

A.personality
B.situational
C.interactional
D.all of the above

Answer: D

Correct answer: all of the above

The research has looked at three kinds of variable together: the personality of the decision maker, the situation in which the decision is taken, and the interaction between the two. The last is what makes the field difficult - the same person decides differently in different circumstances.

Discuss in Forum

33.

Decision making step, which consists of organization goals, predicting alternatives and communicating goals is called

A.organization
B.alternation
C.planning
D.valuing

Answer: C

Correct answer: planning

Planning is the step at which goals are set, alternatives predicted and the goals communicated to those who must act on them. Control is its counterpart, covering implementation and the feedback from it - and the two together form the cycle within which decisions are made and learned from.

Discuss in Forum

34.

_____________ refers to the seriousness of a problem's effects

A.urgency
B.impact
C.growth tendency.
D.none of the above

Answer: B

Correct answer: impact

The three dimensions used to rank problems are urgency, how soon attention is needed; impact, how serious the effects are; and growth tendency, how quickly the problem will worsen if left. A problem may be urgent without being important, which is why the dimensions are assessed separately.

Discuss in Forum

35.

A decision based primarily on an almost unconscious reliance on the decision maker's experience without a conscious rational analysis having been made is called:

A.systematic
B.programmed
C.non programmed
D.intuitive

Answer: D

Correct answer: intuitive

Intuition here is not the absence of reasoning but reasoning that has become automatic through experience, so the decision maker reaches a judgement without being able to set out the steps. It is fast and often good in a familiar domain, and unreliable outside one.

Discuss in Forum

36.

Problems are usually of the following type(s):

A.crisis problems.
B.routine problems.
C.problems of failing to take advantage of opportunities.
D.all of the above

Answer: D

Correct answer: all of the above

All three arise. A crisis demands immediate attention; a routine problem recurs and is handled by procedure; and a missed opportunity is a problem too, though a less visible one. The third is the easiest to overlook, since nothing has gone wrong - something has merely not gone right.

Discuss in Forum

37.

Which of these does not form part of the key streams identified by March (1988) in decision making in highly ambiguous environments?

A.Expectations
B.Choice opportunities
C.Problems
D.Solutions

Answer: A

Correct answer: Expectations

March’s garbage can model identifies four streams flowing independently through an organisation: problems, solutions, participants and choice opportunities. A decision happens when they happen to coincide. Expectations is not among them - and the absence of anything so orderly is the point of the model.

Discuss in Forum

38.

A process for arriving at an evaluation of decisions, in which selected individuals are asked to respond individually to key questions about a problem, then are provided with a summary of the responses, all members have given and invited to respond again is called:

A.delphi technique
B.brainstorming
C.nominal group technique.
D.bounded rationality

Answer: A

Correct answer: delphi technique

The Delphi technique gathers judgements in writing and in rounds, with a summary of the group’s responses fed back before each new round. Because the participants never meet, no one dominates and no one is swayed by status, which is what makes it useful for forecasting and for genuinely contested questions.

Discuss in Forum

39.

Costs that behaves as irrelevant costs in process of decision making are classified as

A.past costs
B.future costs
C.expected costs
D.opportunity costs

Answer: A

Correct answer: past costs

A cost already incurred is the same whatever is now decided, so it cannot distinguish between the alternatives and is irrelevant to the choice. Only costs that differ between the alternatives - future and differential - are relevant, and opportunity costs are relevant for precisely that reason: they differ according to what is chosen.

Discuss in Forum

40.

Fourth step in decision making process is

A.linear correlation
B.making decisions
C.implement decisions
D.evaluate performance

Answer: B

Correct answer: making decisions

Having predicted the outcomes of the alternatives in the third step, the fourth chooses among them. Implementation and evaluation follow as the fifth, which is where the feedback for the next cycle comes from.

Discuss in Forum

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Decision Making Questions and Answers

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