Choose the correct alternative from the following.
Assertion (A) : Bangladesh imports jute from India.
Reason (R) : Bangladesh has most of the jute mills.
Answer: C
Correct answer: Both A and R are false.
Both statements are the wrong way round: Bangladesh is a great producer of raw jute and exports it, while it is India that holds most of the jute mills, concentrated along the Hooghly. Both A and R are false.
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Assertion (A) : The steam engine was invented by James Watt.
Reason (R) : There was a problem of taking out water from flooded mines.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Watt’s engine was built for the task of draining flooded mines, and his separate condenser reduced its fuel consumption so far that the engine became commercially practical. The mining problem is precisely what drove its development. Both are true and R explains A.
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Assertion (A) : Increase in carbon dioxide would melt polar ice.
Reason (R) : Global temperature would rise.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Carbon dioxide traps outgoing infrared radiation, so more of it raises the global temperature - and it is warmer air and oceans that melt the polar ice. The rise in temperature is the mechanism linking the two. Both are true and R explains A.
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Assertion (A) : Tamil Nadu gets most of the rainfall in winter.
Reason (R) : Tamil Nadu gets rainfall from retreating monsoons.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Tamil Nadu receives most of its rain between October and December, when the retreating monsoon winds blow from the north-east across the Bay of Bengal and pick up moisture before striking the Coromandel coast. Both are true and R explains A.
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Assertion (A) : Graphite is slippery and used as a lubricant.
Reason (R) : Graphite has free electrons.
Answer: B
Graphite possesses a layer structure with two successive layers held by weak force and able to slide over one another.
So, graphite is slippery and this property finds its use as a lubricant.
In graphite, each carbon atom is linked to three other carbon atoms while one electron in the carbon atom is delocalised.
So, graphite has free electrons.
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Assertion (A) : In India, the judiciary is independent of the executive.
Reason (R) : Judiciary favours the government and helps in the implementation of its plans.
Answer: C
Correct answer: A is true but R is false.
The Indian judiciary is independent of the executive, its judges protected in tenure, salary and removal by the Constitution - so A is true. R describes the opposite of independence: a court that existed to favour the government would not be independent at all. R is false.
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Assertion (A) : An iron ball floats on mercury but gets immersed in water.
Reason (R) : The specific gravity of iron is more than that of mercury.
Answer: C
Correct answer: A is true but R is false.
An iron ball does float on mercury and sink in water, so A is true. But the reason is the reverse of what is stated: iron’s specific gravity, about 7.9, is less than mercury’s 13.6 and greater than water’s 1. R is false.
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Assertion (A) : Copper is used to make electric wires.
Reason (R) : Copper has very low electrical resistance.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Copper has a very low resistivity, second only to silver among common metals, so it carries current with little loss as heat - and it is far cheaper than silver. That low resistance is exactly why it is chosen for wiring. Both are true and R explains A.
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Assertion (A) : Uranium undergoes nuclear fusion reaction.
Reason (R) : It has a big, unstable nucleus.
Answer: D
Correct answer: A is false but R is true.
Uranium does have a large, unstable nucleus, so R is true. But a heavy unstable nucleus splits: uranium undergoes nuclear fission, not fusion, which is the joining of light nuclei such as hydrogen. A is false.
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Assertion (A) : A little gap is left between iron rails.
Reason (R) : Iron expands in summer.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Iron expands when heated, so rails laid tight in cool weather would buckle on a hot day. The gap left between lengths gives the metal room to expand, which is exactly why it is there. Both are true and R explains A.
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