Many sociologists have argued that there is a functional relationship between education and economic system. They point to the fact that mass formal education began in industrial society. They note that the expansion of the economies of industrial societies is accompanied by a corresponding expansion of their educational systems. They explain this correspondence in terms of the needs of industry for skilled and trained manpower, needs which are met by the educational system. Thus, the provision of mass elementary education in Britain in 1870 can be seen as a response to the needs of industry for a literate and numerate workforce at a time when industrial processes were becoming more complex and the demand for technical skills was steadily growing.
The author argues that
Answer: A
Correct answer: formal education can be traced to industrial society
The sociologists' first piece of evidence is that mass formal education began in industrial society. The later expansion of education alongside the economy is a second observation, and vocational education and changes of pattern are never mentioned.
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The observations of the sociologists are based on a study of
Answer: D
Correct answer: the correlation between industry and education in a historical context
Their case rests on two historical observations set side by side: that mass formal education began in industrial society, and that educational systems expanded as industrial economies did. The 1870 example supplies the historical setting for that correlation.
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The Sociologists referred to it in the passage say that the relationship between industry and elementary education was one
Answer: B
Correct answer: based entirely on the need of the industry
The passage says the correspondence is explained in terms of the needs of industry for skilled and trained manpower, needs which are met by the educational system. Industry has the needs and education supplies them; nothing in the passage describes a need running the other way.
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By 'functional relationship' is meant
Answer: B
Correct answer: practical and utilitarian relationship
A functional relationship is one in which each part serves a purpose for the other, and the passage spells that purpose out: education produces the literate, numerate workers that industry requires. Nothing is said about how long the relationship lasts or how firmly it holds.
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Sometimes we went off the road and on a path through the pine forest. The floor of the forest was soft to walk on; the frost did not harden it as it did the road. But we did not mind the hardness of the road because we had nails in the soles and heels; the nails bit on the frozen ruts and with nailed boots it was good walking on the road and invigorating. It was lovely walking in the woods.
'Frozen ruts' means
Answer: C
Correct answer: wheel marks in which frost had become hard
A rut is a groove worn in a road by wheels, and frozen says the frost has set hard in it. That is why the road was hard while the forest floor was soft: the frost hardened the one and not the other.
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The floor of the forest was soft because
Answer: A
Correct answer: the frost did not harden it as it did the road
The passage gives the reason in the same sentence: the floor was soft to walk on because the frost did not harden it as it did the road. The boots and the nails explain why the hard road was bearable, not why the forest floor was soft.
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We did not mind the hardness of road because
Answer: A
Correct answer: we had nailed boots on
The passage says we did not mind the hardness of the road because we had nails in the soles and heels. What follows - that the walking was good and invigorating - is the result of that footing, not the reason for it.
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We found great joy on account of
Answer: D
Correct answer: walking on frost with nailed boots on
The passage says the nails bit on the frozen ruts and that with nailed boots it was good walking on the road and invigorating. The pleasure comes from the combination: the boots alone or the frost alone would not produce it.
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Sometimes we walked through the pine forest as
Answer: A
Correct answer: the path was unaffected by the frost
The forest is contrasted with the road precisely on this point: its floor was soft because the frost had not hardened it. The enjoyment of the woods is mentioned, but as a consequence of that softness rather than as the reason for taking the path.
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Modern economics does not differentiate between renewable and non-renewable materials, as its method is to measure everything by means of a money price. Thus, taking various alternative fuels, like coal, oil, wood or water power: the only difference between them recognised by modern economics is relative cost per equivalent unit. The cheapest is automatically the one to be preferred, as to do otherwise would be irrational and 'uneconomic'. From a Buddhist point of view of course this will not do, the essential difference between non-renewable fuels like coal and oil on the one hand and renewable fuels like wood and water power on the other cannot be simply overlooked. Non-renewable goods must be used only if they are indispensable, and then only with the greatest care and the highest concern for conservation. To use them carelessly or extravagantly is an act of violence, and while complete non-violence may not be possible on earth, it is nonetheless the duty of man to aim at deal of non-violence in all he does.
Which of the following statements may be assumed to be false from the information in the passage?
1.The writer finds the attitude of modern economists towards natural resources to be uneconomic.
2.Buddhist economists are in different to the cost of fuels
3.To use oil on non-essentials is contrary to the Buddhist economic philosophy
4.To fell a tree is an act of violence not permitted by Buddhist economists
Of the above statements
Answer: B
Correct answer: 1, 2 and 4 are false
Statement 1 is false because it is the Buddhist, not the writer's modern economist, who would call careless use uneconomic; the modern economist calls it economic. Statement 2 is false because Buddhist economics does not ignore cost, it simply refuses to let cost be the only measure. Statement 4 is false because wood is named as a renewable fuel that may properly be used. Only statement 3 holds: using oil on non-essentials is exactly what the passage forbids.
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