Choose the correct alternative from the following.
Assertion (A) : Eskimos reside in igloos.
Reason (R) : No other material except snow is available.
Answer: C
Correct answer: A is true but R is false.
Eskimos do build igloos of snow, so A is true. But the reason given is wrong: they also use driftwood, whalebone, stone and animal skins, and the igloo is a winter hunting shelter rather than the only thing they can build. R is false.
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Assertion (A) : India is a democratic country.
Reason (R) : India has a Constitution of its own.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
Both statements are true, but having a constitution is not what makes a country democratic - many undemocratic states have one. India is a democracy because its constitution provides universal adult suffrage and a government answerable to an elected legislature. R does not explain A.
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Assertion (A) : Pressure cookers are fitted with ebonite handles.
Reason (R) : Ebonite is strong.
Answer: D
Correct answer: A is true but R is false.
Pressure-cooker handles really are made of ebonite, so A is true. But the reason is that ebonite is a poor conductor of heat, so the handle stays cool enough to grip - not that it is strong. R is false.
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Assertion (A) : Water kept in earthen pots gets cooled in summer.
Reason (R) : Evaporation causes cooling.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
An earthen pot is porous, so water seeps to the outside and evaporates there, taking its latent heat from the water left behind. That evaporative cooling is exactly why the pot keeps water cold. Both are true and R explains A.
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Assertion (A) : Safety fuses are made up of materials having a high melting point.
Reason (R) : Safety fuses should be resistant to electric current.
Answer: D
Correct answer: Both A and R are false.
A fuse is meant to melt and break the circuit on an overload, so its wire is a tin–lead alloy of low melting point - and it must pass the normal working current freely rather than resist it. Both A and R are false.
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Assertion (A) : Pluto is the coldest planet.
Reason (R) : It receives slanting rays of the sun.
Answer: C
Correct answer: A is true but R is false.
Pluto is indeed the coldest of the bodies traditionally counted as planets, at around \( -230^{\circ}\mathrm{C} \), so A is true. But the cause is its enormous distance from the sun - sunlight there is some 1600 times fainter than at the earth - not the slant of the rays, which is what makes the earth’s poles cold. R is false.
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Assertion (A) : In the upper course, the main work of the river is erosion.
Reason (R) : River flows swiftly in the upper course.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
In its upper course a river is steep and swift, so it cuts downward and carves gorges and V-shaped valleys; the sluggish lower course deposits instead. The speed of flow is exactly why erosion dominates upstream. Both are true and R explains A.
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Assertion (A) : Most of the ancient civilisations grew near the river.
Reason (R) : The main occupation of man was agriculture.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
Both statements are true, but the reason is too narrow. Rivers supplied drinking water, fertile silt, transport and a defensible site; agriculture is one reason among several, not the whole explanation. R does not explain A.
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Assertion (A) : Buddha left home after his marriage.
Reason (R) : He wished to be free of all worldly ties and become an ascetic.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Siddhartha left home after his marriage and the birth of his son, having been shaken by the sights of old age, sickness and death. His purpose was to renounce worldly ties and live as an ascetic in search of release - exactly the reason given. Both are true and R explains A.
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Some people in India are indifferent to the existing reservations in the education and the recruitment fields.
RI. Because these people do not fall under reservation category.
RII. Sometimes reservations cause damage to the merit.
Answer: D
Correct answer: neither RI nor RII is the reason for the assertion.
The assertion is about indifference - people who neither support nor oppose reservations. RI would explain hostility rather than indifference: those left out of the quota have a grievance, not an absence of interest. RII is an argument against reservations, which is again a stance rather than indifference. Neither accounts for people simply not caring, so neither is the reason.
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