State whether the following is true or false.
Serverless computing means no servers are used.
Answer: C
Servers run the code as they always did, but the customer neither sees nor manages them. The term describes the operational model rather than the hardware. Someone still runs the machines. The customer simply never sees them.
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Three of the following are billed by resources reserved. Which is the odd one out?
Answer: D
Correct answer: a function invoked a thousand times a day
A function is billed for the time it actually runs, so a thousand short invocations cost a fraction of a second of compute each and nothing at all in between. The other three are billed for resources held whether used or not - a running virtual machine, a provisioned database instance and a reserved volume all accrue charges while idle.
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A managed database service sits in which model?
Answer: A
The provider handles patching, backup and failover while the customer designs the schema and writes the queries. It is the classic example of a platform service. Backup and failover come with it. The schema remains the customer's work.
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Assertion (A): A managed database is preferred to a self-installed one for most workloads.
Reason (R): Backup, patching and failover are handled by the provider rather than by the customer.
Answer: B
Both are true and the reason gives the advantage, though the cost is a loss of control over version and configuration that a few workloads genuinely need. Most workloads never notice the loss. A few genuinely need a specific version.
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Consider the following statements about choosing a service model.
1. A higher model reduces operational effort.
2. A lower model gives more control over configuration.
3. The highest available model is always the right choice.
Answer: C
Correct answer: 1 and 2 only
Statements 1 and 2 give the trade correctly. Statement 3 turns a trade into a rule and so gets it wrong: the highest model is right only where the standard product fits the requirement. Where a specific version, a particular configuration, a compliance constraint or an unusual dependency is needed, a lower model is the correct choice and the extra operational work is the price of meeting the requirement.
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Vendor lock-in tends to be greatest with
Answer: D
The more a design depends on services with no equivalent elsewhere, the harder a move becomes. The productivity those services offer is the reason people accept the risk. Depth of use sets the cost. The gain is real and the risk is future.
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Assertion (A): Deep use of provider specific services is a deliberate trade rather than a mistake.
Reason (R): The productivity gained is real and immediate while the cost of moving is hypothetical and future.
Answer: A
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason states the asymmetry that makes it a defensible choice. Using a provider’s managed database or queue delivers working software sooner and with fewer people, and that benefit is collected now; the cost of migrating away is paid only if a migration ever happens. Treating the coupling as a deliberate, priced decision is sound engineering - what is not sound is incurring it without noticing.
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Arrange the service models in order of increasing provider responsibility.
1. function as a service
2. infrastructure as a service
3. software as a service
4. platform as a service
Answer: B
Each step hands more of the stack to the provider, ending with a complete application that needs only configuring. The customer retains data and identity responsibilities throughout, and those two never transfer at any level.
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Desktop as a service delivers
Answer: C
Correct answer: a virtual desktop accessed remotely
Desktop as a service provides a full desktop environment running in the provider’s data centre and reached from a thin client, browser or any device. Its appeal is that the data never leaves the centre and the endpoint becomes disposable, which suits contractors, regulated work and any situation where a lost laptop must not be a lost dataset.
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Consider the following statements about the boundaries between models.
1. The boundaries are not always sharp in practice.
2. Many real services combine features of more than one model.
3. Every cloud service falls cleanly into exactly one model.
Answer: D
Correct answer: 1 and 2 only
Statements 1 and 2 are correct: the boundaries blur, and many real services straddle them - a managed database is more than infrastructure and less than a finished application, and a managed Kubernetes service sits between platform and infrastructure depending on how much of it the customer configures. Statement 3 asserts a tidiness the market does not have; the models are a way of thinking about responsibility, not a taxonomy every product fits.
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