Networking Basics Questions and Answers

Q: Bluetooth is an example of:

Correct answer: personal area networkA PAN covers the space immediately around a person, typically within about ten metres, and Bluetooth is its most familiar technology - connecting a headset, keyboard or fitness tracker to a phone or computer. A LAN spans a building or campus, a WAN a country or the world, and a VPN is a logical network tunnelled over a public one rather than a matter of physical range.

Q: A _____ is a device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet.

Correct answer: routerA router forwards packets between different networks by reading the destination address in the network layer header and consulting its routing table for the best path. A bridge works at the data link layer, forwarding frames within one network on MAC addresses, and a firewall filters traffic against a policy rather than choosing routes for it. Only the router makes forwarding decisions from routing information carried in the packet.

Q: A list of protocols used by a system, one protocol per layer, is called:

Correct answer: protocol stackA protocol stack is the particular set of protocols a system actually runs, one at each layer - for example Ethernet, IP, TCP and HTTP. A protocol suite is the wider family from which they are drawn, such as TCP/IP as a whole, and protocol architecture refers to the layered design itself. The stack is the concrete implementation; the suite and the architecture are the collection and the pattern.

Q: Network congestion occurs:

Correct answer: in case of traffic overloadingCongestion occurs when the traffic offered to a link or a router exceeds what it can carry, so queues build up, delay rises and packets are eventually dropped. It is a capacity problem, not a failure: nothing has broken. TCP responds by treating loss as a congestion signal and reducing its window, which is what keeps the Internet stable under load; a terminated connection or a failed node is a quite different condition.

Q: Which one of the following extends a private network across public networks?

Correct answer: virtual private networkA VPN carries private traffic across a public network such as the Internet by encapsulating and usually encrypting it, so remote sites and travelling users appear to be on the same private network. An enterprise private network uses the organisation’s own leased infrastructure and does not cross public networks at all; a LAN is confined to one site; and a SAN connects storage devices rather than networks.

Q: The IETF standards documents are called:

Correct answer: RFCThe Internet Engineering Task Force publishes its standards as Requests for Comments, numbered sequentially and never revised once issued - a change means a new RFC that obsoletes the old one. The name survives from the deliberately informal beginnings of the series in 1969, though an RFC on the standards track is now a formal specification. RFC 791 defines IP, RFC 793 TCP.

Q: In the layer hierarchy as the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are:

Correct answer: AddedEach layer, as the data passes down the stack, prepends its own header containing the information its peer at the far end needs - the transport layer adds ports and sequence numbers, the network layer addresses, the data link layer MAC addresses and a trailing checksum. This is encapsulation. At the receiver the process runs in reverse: each layer strips its own header and passes the remainder up, which is decapsulation.

Q: The structure or format of data is called:

Correct answer: SyntaxSyntax is the structure or format of the data - the order of the fields, the number of bits in each, where the address sits and where the payload begins. Semantics is what those bits mean and what action they call for; timing concerns when data may be sent and how fast. The three together make up a protocol, and this question isolates the first of them.

Q: In which transmission mode can data travel in both directions, but only one direction at a time ?

Correct answer: Half-duplexHalf-duplex allows each end to transmit in turn but never simultaneously, as with a walkie-talkie. Simplex permits one direction only, and full-duplex allows both ends to send at once, as an ordinary telephone call does.

Q: The first Network:

Correct answer: ARPANETARPANET, built for the United States Advanced Research Projects Agency, carried its first message in 1969 and is the direct ancestor of the Internet. It demonstrated packet switching in practice and adopted TCP/IP in 1983. NSFNET followed in 1985 as the academic backbone that eventually replaced it, and the other two names are not networks that existed.

181.

Bluetooth is an example of:

A.personal area network
B.local area network
C. virtual private network
D.none of the mentioned

Answer: A

Correct answer: personal area network

A PAN covers the space immediately around a person, typically within about ten metres, and Bluetooth is its most familiar technology - connecting a headset, keyboard or fitness tracker to a phone or computer. A LAN spans a building or campus, a WAN a country or the world, and a VPN is a logical network tunnelled over a public one rather than a matter of physical range.

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182.

A _____ is a device that forwards packets between networks by processing the routing information included in the packet.

A.bridge
B.firewall
C. router
D.all of the mentioned

Answer: C

Correct answer: router

A router forwards packets between different networks by reading the destination address in the network layer header and consulting its routing table for the best path. A bridge works at the data link layer, forwarding frames within one network on MAC addresses, and a firewall filters traffic against a policy rather than choosing routes for it. Only the router makes forwarding decisions from routing information carried in the packet.

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183.

A list of protocols used by a system, one protocol per layer, is called:

A.protocol architecture
B.protocol stack
C.protocol suit
D.none of the mentioned

Answer: B

Correct answer: protocol stack

A protocol stack is the particular set of protocols a system actually runs, one at each layer - for example Ethernet, IP, TCP and HTTP. A protocol suite is the wider family from which they are drawn, such as TCP/IP as a whole, and protocol architecture refers to the layered design itself. The stack is the concrete implementation; the suite and the architecture are the collection and the pattern.

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184.

Network congestion occurs:

A.in case of traffic overloading
B.when a system terminates
C.when connection between two nodes terminates
D.none of the mentioned

Answer: A

Correct answer: in case of traffic overloading

Congestion occurs when the traffic offered to a link or a router exceeds what it can carry, so queues build up, delay rises and packets are eventually dropped. It is a capacity problem, not a failure: nothing has broken. TCP responds by treating loss as a congestion signal and reducing its window, which is what keeps the Internet stable under load; a terminated connection or a failed node is a quite different condition.

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185.

Which one of the following extends a private network across public networks?

A.local area network
B.virtual private network
C.enterprise private network
D.storage area network

Answer: B

Correct answer: virtual private network

A VPN carries private traffic across a public network such as the Internet by encapsulating and usually encrypting it, so remote sites and travelling users appear to be on the same private network. An enterprise private network uses the organisation’s own leased infrastructure and does not cross public networks at all; a LAN is confined to one site; and a SAN connects storage devices rather than networks.

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186.

The IETF standards documents are called:

A.RFC
B.RCF
C.ID
D.None of the mentioned

Answer: A

Correct answer: RFC

The Internet Engineering Task Force publishes its standards as Requests for Comments, numbered sequentially and never revised once issued - a change means a new RFC that obsoletes the old one. The name survives from the deliberately informal beginnings of the series in 1969, though an RFC on the standards track is now a formal specification. RFC 791 defines IP, RFC 793 TCP.

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187.

In the layer hierarchy as the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are:

A.Added
B.Removed
C. Rearranged
D.Modified

Answer: A

Correct answer: Added

Each layer, as the data passes down the stack, prepends its own header containing the information its peer at the far end needs - the transport layer adds ports and sequence numbers, the network layer addresses, the data link layer MAC addresses and a trailing checksum. This is encapsulation. At the receiver the process runs in reverse: each layer strips its own header and passes the remainder up, which is decapsulation.

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188.

The structure or format of data is called:

A.Syntax
B.Semantics
C.Struct
D.None of the mentioned

Answer: A

Correct answer: Syntax

Syntax is the structure or format of the data - the order of the fields, the number of bits in each, where the address sits and where the payload begins. Semantics is what those bits mean and what action they call for; timing concerns when data may be sent and how fast. The three together make up a protocol, and this question isolates the first of them.

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189.

In which transmission mode can data travel in both directions, but only one direction at a time ?

A.Simplex
B.Half-duplex
C.Full-duplex
D.Multiplex

Answer: D

Correct answer: Half-duplex

Half-duplex allows each end to transmit in turn but never simultaneously, as with a walkie-talkie. Simplex permits one direction only, and full-duplex allows both ends to send at once, as an ordinary telephone call does.

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190.

The first Network:

A.CNNET
B.NSFNET
C.ASAPNET
D.ARPANET

Answer: D

Correct answer: ARPANET

ARPANET, built for the United States Advanced Research Projects Agency, carried its first message in 1969 and is the direct ancestor of the Internet. It demonstrated packet switching in practice and adopted TCP/IP in 1983. NSFNET followed in 1985 as the academic backbone that eventually replaced it, and the other two names are not networks that existed.

Discuss in Forum

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