Object Oriented Analysis and Design Questions and Answers

Q: The purpose of interfaces is to minimize dependencies between different parts of program for the following reason :

The answer is All of the above.An interface separates what a component offers from how it is implemented. Other parts of the program depend only on the interface, so each part can be understood on its own, which makes systems easier to understand; the implementation stays hidden, which gives better data hiding; and the implementation can be changed without disturbing its users, which makes the system easier to modify.Each of the first three options states one of these benefits, and none excludes the others, so all three reasons apply together.

Q: Among the attributes of good object oriented design, two desirable and most important attributes are :

The key gives No. of children, response for a class.These two attributes are metrics of the Chidamber and Kemerer object-oriented suite. 'Number of children' (NOC) counts the direct subclasses of a class and so measures the breadth of the inheritance hierarchy; 'response for a class' (RFC) counts the methods that can run in answer to a message sent to an object of the class and so measures coupling and complexity. A study of open-source C++ systems found these two to be the CK metrics that predicted defects significantly.The other options each pair one of them with a term that is not a CK metric ('nature of the object', 'attributes of objects'), so option B is the only one made of two standard metrics. The ranking of these two as 'the most important' is not universal: other studies stress different CK metrics and the results depend on the data set, so this answer follows the official key and the metric names it uses.

Q: Which diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time ?

The diagram is the Object Diagram.A UML object diagram shows a snapshot of the objects in a system, with their attribute values and links, at a specific moment. It is a complete or partial view of the structure of the modelled system at that time.A class diagram shows the static structure in general, the classes and their relationships, not the state at one moment. Sequence and collaboration diagrams are interaction diagrams showing messages between objects, not structure.

Q: Which UML diagram shows the interaction between objects over time ?

The diagram is the sequence diagram.A UML sequence diagram puts the participating objects across the top, each with a vertical lifeline, and shows the messages between them as arrows in time order from top to bottom. It is the diagram used to show how objects interact over time in a scenario.A class diagram shows static structure: classes, attributes and relationships. A use case diagram shows actors and the system's functions. An activity diagram shows the flow of activities and decisions, like a flowchart, rather than messages between objects.

Q: During Object-Oriented Analysis, which relationship type implies that the'child' object cannot exist independently of the 'parent' object ?

The relationship is Composition.Composition is a strong whole-part relationship in which the part's lifetime depends on the whole: if the whole is destroyed, so are its parts. A room cannot exist without its building. In UML it is drawn with a filled diamond.Aggregation is a weaker whole-part relationship in which parts can exist independently (a department and its employees), shown with a hollow diamond. Generalization is inheritance, and realization links an interface to the class that implements it.

Q: Which UML diagram is most useful for visualizing the dynamic interaction between objects over a specific timeline ?

The diagram is the Sequence Diagram.A UML sequence diagram shows objects as lifelines running down the page and the messages they exchange as arrows in time order, so it shows how objects interact over a timeline for a particular scenario.A state chart diagram shows the states of a single object and the events that change them. A class diagram shows static structure, and a use case diagram shows actors and the functions they use, with no timeline in either.

The purpose of interfaces is to minimize dependencies between different parts of program for the following reason :

A.Lead to systems that are easier to understand
B.Lead to better data hiding properties
C.Lead to easier to modify
D.All of the above

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: D

The answer is All of the above.

An interface separates what a component offers from how it is implemented. Other parts of the program depend only on the interface, so each part can be understood on its own, which makes systems easier to understand; the implementation stays hidden, which gives better data hiding; and the implementation can be changed without disturbing its users, which makes the system easier to modify.

Each of the first three options states one of these benefits, and none excludes the others, so all three reasons apply together.

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Among the attributes of good object oriented design, two desirable and most important attributes are :

A.No. of children, nature of the object
B.No. of children, response for a class
C.Response for a class, nature of object
D.Response for a class, attributes of objects

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

The key gives No. of children, response for a class.

These two attributes are metrics of the Chidamber and Kemerer object-oriented suite. 'Number of children' (NOC) counts the direct subclasses of a class and so measures the breadth of the inheritance hierarchy; 'response for a class' (RFC) counts the methods that can run in answer to a message sent to an object of the class and so measures coupling and complexity. A study of open-source C++ systems found these two to be the CK metrics that predicted defects significantly.

The other options each pair one of them with a term that is not a CK metric ('nature of the object', 'attributes of objects'), so option B is the only one made of two standard metrics. The ranking of these two as 'the most important' is not universal: other studies stress different CK metrics and the results depend on the data set, so this answer follows the official key and the metric names it uses.

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Which diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time ?

A.Sequence Diagram
B.Collaboration Diagram
C.Class Diagram
D.Object Diagram

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2019,

Answer: D

The diagram is the Object Diagram.

A UML object diagram shows a snapshot of the objects in a system, with their attribute values and links, at a specific moment. It is a complete or partial view of the structure of the modelled system at that time.

A class diagram shows the static structure in general, the classes and their relationships, not the state at one moment. Sequence and collaboration diagrams are interaction diagrams showing messages between objects, not structure.

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Which UML diagram shows the interaction between objects over time ?

A.Class diagram
B.Use case diagram
C.Sequence diagram
D.Activity diagram

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2026,

Answer: C

The diagram is the sequence diagram.

A UML sequence diagram puts the participating objects across the top, each with a vertical lifeline, and shows the messages between them as arrows in time order from top to bottom. It is the diagram used to show how objects interact over time in a scenario.

A class diagram shows static structure: classes, attributes and relationships. A use case diagram shows actors and the system's functions. An activity diagram shows the flow of activities and decisions, like a flowchart, rather than messages between objects.

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During Object-Oriented Analysis, which relationship type implies that the'child' object cannot exist independently of the 'parent' object ?

A.Generalization
B.Composition
C.Aggregation
D.Realization

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2026,

Answer: B

The relationship is Composition.

Composition is a strong whole-part relationship in which the part's lifetime depends on the whole: if the whole is destroyed, so are its parts. A room cannot exist without its building. In UML it is drawn with a filled diamond.

Aggregation is a weaker whole-part relationship in which parts can exist independently (a department and its employees), shown with a hollow diamond. Generalization is inheritance, and realization links an interface to the class that implements it.

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Which UML diagram is most useful for visualizing the dynamic interaction between objects over a specific timeline ?

A.Sequence Diagram
B.State Chart Diagram
C.Class Diagram
D.Use Case Diagram

Exam Year(s)

Tripura Public Service Commission - 2026,

Answer: A

The diagram is the Sequence Diagram.

A UML sequence diagram shows objects as lifelines running down the page and the messages they exchange as arrows in time order, so it shows how objects interact over a timeline for a particular scenario.

A state chart diagram shows the states of a single object and the events that change them. A class diagram shows static structure, and a use case diagram shows actors and the functions they use, with no timeline in either.

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The Object Modelling Technique (OMT) uses the following three kinds of model to describe a system

A.Class Model, Object Model and Analysis Model.
B.Object Model, Dynamic Model, and Functional Model.
C.Class Model, Dynamic Model and Functional Model.
D.Object Model, Analysis Model and Dynamic Model.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The Object Modelling Technique (OMT) of Rumbaugh describes a system with three models: the object model (the static structure of classes and objects), the dynamic model (the changes over time, shown by state diagrams) and the functional model (the data flow, shown by data flow diagrams). A 'class model' and an 'analysis model' are not separate models of the technique. The keyed answer is the second option.

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Match the following with respect to relationship between objects and classes :

List - I	List - II
a. State diagram	i. Useful for both abstract modelling and for designing actual program
b. Object diagram	ii. Describes object classes
c. Class diagram	iii. Useful for documenting test cases
d. Instance diagram	iv. Describing the behaviour of a single class of objects.

Codes : a b c d

A.iv i ii iii
B.ii iii iv i
C.iii iv ii i
D.ii iv i iii

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The key matches a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii. A state diagram describes the behaviour of a single class of objects (iv). A class diagram describes object classes (ii). An instance diagram is useful for documenting test cases (iii), since it shows concrete instances and links. The remaining pair, the object diagram with i, completes the match as given.

The other codes assign the single-class behaviour description to a different diagram, or put the class description on a diagram that shows instances, so they are rejected.

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Match the following style rules for reusability :

List - I	List - II
a. Keep methods coherent	i. Write a method to get the last element of a list
b. Keep methods small	ii. Maintain parallel structure when possible
c. Keep methods consistent	iii. Breaking a method into smaller parts
d. Provide uniform coverage	iv. Performs a single function or a group of closely related functions.

Codes : a b c d

A.iv iii ii i
B.ii i iv iii
C.iii iv ii i
D.ii iii iv i

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

The match is a-iv, b-iii, c-ii, d-i. A coherent method performs a single function or a group of closely related functions (iv). Keeping methods small means breaking a method into smaller parts (iii). Keeping methods consistent means maintaining parallel structure when possible (ii). Providing uniform coverage means supplying the natural complementary operations, such as a method to get the last element of a list (i).

The other codes mismatch at least two of these pairs, for example pairing coherence with parallel structure.

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