Which State Government has approved one per cent reservation for orphans in government jobs under general category?
Answer: B
Maharashtra approved a one per cent reservation for orphans in government jobs, within the general category.
It was the first state to do so, recognising that orphans have no caste certificate and so fall outside the existing reservations altogether.
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The Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution lists
Answer: A
Correct answer: 29 subjects that may be devolved to panchayats
The Eleventh Schedule, inserted by the 73rd Amendment in 1992, lists 29 subjects that state legislatures may devolve to panchayats - among them agriculture, minor irrigation, animal husbandry, rural housing, drinking water, roads, education, health, poverty alleviation and the public distribution system. The wording is permissive rather than mandatory: Article 243-G says the legislature may endow panchayats with such powers. That is why devolution has been so uneven, with Kerala, Karnataka and West Bengal transferring substantial functions and funds while others transferred little. The distinction between devolving functions, funds and functionaries - the three Fs - is the usual measure of how real the transfer has been. Its urban counterpart is the Twelfth Schedule, added by the 74th Amendment, listing 18 subjects for municipalities. The Eighth Schedule lists languages and the Ninth holds laws shielded from judicial review, though that shield is no longer absolute.
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The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised Indian states primarily on the basis of
Answer: C
Correct answer: Language
The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 redrew India’s internal boundaries chiefly on linguistic lines, creating 14 states and 6 union territories. The pressure for it had built through the early 1950s and came to a head with the death of Potti Sriramulu after a 58-day fast for a Telugu-speaking state; Andhra was created in 1953, the first state formed on language, and a commission under Fazl Ali was then appointed to consider the question generally. Nehru and others had resisted the principle, fearing it would encourage separatism, but the outcome is generally judged to have strengthened the union by removing a source of grievance. The process continued afterwards: Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960, Punjab into Punjab and Haryana in 1966, and several northeastern states were carved out in the 1970s. Later creations - Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Uttarakhand in 2000, and Telangana in 2014 - turned on administrative and developmental grounds rather than language.
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Point out which from the following is NOT a right enumerated in the Constitution of India but has been articulated by the Supreme Court to be a Fundamental Right
Answer: A
The right to privacy is not enumerated in the Constitution but was declared a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in Puttaswamy in August 2017.
A nine-judge bench held unanimously that it is intrinsic to the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21. Certiorari, the abolition of untouchability and the right to form associations are all written into Part III.
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The doctrine of the ‘basic structure’ of the Constitution was laid down by the Supreme Court in
Answer: A
Correct answer: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
The basic structure doctrine was laid down in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala in 1973, decided by a bench of thirteen judges - the largest ever constituted - by a majority of seven to six. The Court held that Parliament may amend any part of the Constitution, including the Fundamental Rights, but may not alter its basic structure. That structure has never been exhaustively defined, but the elements identified over time include the supremacy of the Constitution, the rule of law, judicial review, separation of powers, federalism, secularism, free and fair elections, and the independence of the judiciary. It reversed the position in Golaknath (1967), which had held that the Fundamental Rights could not be amended at all, and it has since been used to strike down the 39th Amendment, parts of the 42nd in Minerva Mills, and the 99th Amendment establishing a judicial appointments commission. Maneka Gandhi (1978) is the other landmark of the era, transforming the reading of Article 21.
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The Constitution of India was adopted on
Answer: B
The Constitution was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, now observed as Constitution Day.
A few articles - on citizenship, elections and provisional Parliament - came into force at once; the rest took effect on 26 January 1950, the date India became a republic.
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For Distribution of powers between the Union and the States, the Constitution of India introduces three lists. Which two of the following Articles govern the distribution of powers:
Answer: D
Articles 245 and 246 govern the distribution of legislative powers.
Article 245 defines the territorial extent - Parliament for the whole of India, a state legislature for its own territory - and Article 246 divides the subjects between the Union, State and Concurrent Lists of the Seventh Schedule.
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