Match the following pairs correctly :Column IColumn IIA. Ozone layerI. TroposphereB. Radio transmissionII. ExosphereC. Weather phenomenonIII. StratosphereD. Thin airIV. ThermosphereChoose the correct option :

The correct option is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.The ozone layer is in the stratosphere and protects us from ultraviolet rays.Radio transmission is helped by the thermosphere (its ionosphere reflects radio waves back to Earth).Weather phenomena such as rain, fog and hailstorms occur in the troposphere.The exosphere, the uppermost layer, has very thin air.Option B lists the layers in their natural order without matching them, and options A and C misplace the ozone layer.

Climatology in Geography Questions and Answers

Q: Consider the following statements regarding 'heat wave' :1. Heat wave is considered if the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 30 °C or more for plains.2. Heat wave is considered if the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40 °C or more for hilly regions.Which of the above statements is/are correct?

The answer is Neither 1 nor 2.The India Meteorological Department's criteria are the other way round. A heat wave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40 °C for the plains and at least 30 °C for hilly regions (with further conditions on the departure from normal). Statement 1 gives 30 °C for the plains and statement 2 gives 40 °C for the hills, so both are wrong.The trap is that both figures are real thresholds, but swapped.

Q: Natural vegetation varies from place to place. Why do evergreen trees grow near equatorial region ?Choose the appropriate reason from the following :

Evergreen trees grow near the equator because of heavy rainfall and high temperature.The equatorial region is hot and receives heavy rainfall throughout the year. With no dry or cold season, trees never need to shed their leaves to conserve water, so the forests stay green all year round; these are the tropical evergreen (rain) forests.Moderate temperature and rainfall support deciduous or mixed forests. Low rainfall with high temperature produces thorny bushes and desert vegetation, and low temperature with moderate rainfall suits coniferous forests, not equatorial evergreens.

Q: Stratosphere has ideal conditions for flying aeroplanes. Choose the correct reason :

The reason is that the stratosphere is free from clouds and related weather phenomena.The stratosphere lies above the troposphere and extends up to about 50 km. Clouds, rain, storms and other weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, so the stratosphere above is almost free of them. That gives calm, clear conditions ideal for aircraft.Air pressure, high or low, is not the reason given for its suitability, and the troposphere, not the stratosphere, is where windy and turbulent conditions occur.

Q: The most important factor that influences the distribution of temperature on earth is :

The most important factor is insolation, the incoming solar radiation.The Sun is the source of almost all the heat at the earth's surface. How much of its energy a place receives depends on the angle of the Sun's rays and the length of the day, which change with latitude. That is why temperature generally falls from the equator towards the poles, and insolation is treated as the primary control of the distribution of temperature.Seasons are themselves a result of changing insolation over the year, so they are not the underlying factor. Crowded high-rise buildings and asphalt roads only raise temperatures locally, as in an urban heat island, and do not decide the temperature pattern of the earth.

Q: What type of winds are Land and Sea breeze ?

Land and sea breezes are local winds.They blow over a small coastal area and reverse every day. By day the land heats faster than the sea, so the air over the land rises and cooler air moves in from the sea as a sea breeze. At night the land cools faster, and the breeze blows from land to sea instead.Permanent winds, such as the trade winds, westerlies and polar easterlies, blow in the same direction all year over large belts of the earth. Seasonal winds, such as the monsoons, change direction with the season, not every day. A cyclone is a storm system that forms around a centre of low pressure, not a class of wind like the others.

Q: Read the following statements :A. The areas bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle have moderate temperatures.R. The mid-day sun never shines overhead on any latitude beyond the Tropic of Cancer.Choose the correct option.

The keyed answer is Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.A is true: the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle (and its southern counterpart) is the temperate zone, with moderate temperatures. R is also true: the mid-day sun is directly overhead only between the two tropics, so it never shines overhead on any latitude beyond the Tropic of Cancer.The key does not accept R as the explanation because R is equally true of the frigid zone beyond the Arctic Circle, which is extremely cold, not moderate. What makes the temperate zone moderate is that the sun's rays there fall at an intermediate angle, more slanting than in the tropics but less than near the poles; R on its own does not say that. The options calling A or R false are wrong, since both statements are accurate.

Q: Read the following statements :A. Hot air always rises up.R. Hot air is denser.Choose the correct option.

A is correct and R is incorrect, so the answer is A is correct but R is incorrect.When air is heated it expands, so the same mass occupies more space. Its density falls, and the lighter warm air rises while cooler, denser air sinks and flows in to take its place. This is how convection currents and land and sea breezes form.So hot air is less dense than cold air, not denser, and R is false. Because R is false, it cannot be the explanation of A, which rules out the first two options. A itself is the familiar fact behind hot-air balloons, so 'A is incorrect' is also wrong.

Q: The following is the weather chart of a city for different months. Which month will have the highest rate of evaporation?MonthsTemperature (°C)Wind speed (m/s)Humidity (%)A260.8783.12B292.9172.33C270.7175.50D260.8275.22

The highest rate of evaporation is in month B.Evaporation is faster when the temperature is higher, the wind speed is greater (moving air carries vapour away) and the humidity is lower (drier air can take in more vapour).Month B has the highest temperature (29 °C), by far the highest wind speed (2.91 m/s) and the lowest humidity (72.33%), so all three factors favour evaporation in B. Month A has the highest humidity, month C the lowest wind speed, and month D a low temperature and low wind speed.

Q: Why are cold deserts in India not affected by the monsoon?

Cold deserts are not affected because they lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas.India's cold deserts, such as Ladakh and Lahaul-Spiti, lie behind the main Himalayan ranges. The south-west monsoon winds shed their moisture on the southern slopes as they rise over the mountains, so little rain reaches the areas on the leeward side, which therefore receive very little rainfall.Hot summers and cold winters, thin air and high altitude describe these deserts, but they do not explain why the monsoon rain does not reach them; the rain shadow does.

Consider the following statements regarding 'heat wave' :

1. Heat wave is considered if the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 30 °C or more for plains.
2. Heat wave is considered if the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40 °C or more for hilly regions.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A.Both 1 and 2
B.Only 1
C.Only 2
D.Neither 1 nor 2

Exam Year(s)

BPSC Exam - 2023, BPSC CDPO - 2023,

Answer: D

The answer is Neither 1 nor 2.

The India Meteorological Department's criteria are the other way round. A heat wave is considered when the maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40 °C for the plains and at least 30 °C for hilly regions (with further conditions on the departure from normal). Statement 1 gives 30 °C for the plains and statement 2 gives 40 °C for the hills, so both are wrong.

The trap is that both figures are real thresholds, but swapped.

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Natural vegetation varies from place to place. Why do evergreen trees grow near equatorial region ?

Choose the appropriate reason from the following :

A.Moderate temperature and moderate rainfall
B.Heavy rainfall and high temperature
C.Low rainfall and high temperature
D.Moderate rainfall and low temperature

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2023,

Answer: B

Evergreen trees grow near the equator because of heavy rainfall and high temperature.

The equatorial region is hot and receives heavy rainfall throughout the year. With no dry or cold season, trees never need to shed their leaves to conserve water, so the forests stay green all year round; these are the tropical evergreen (rain) forests.

Moderate temperature and rainfall support deciduous or mixed forests. Low rainfall with high temperature produces thorny bushes and desert vegetation, and low temperature with moderate rainfall suits coniferous forests, not equatorial evergreens.

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Stratosphere has ideal conditions for flying aeroplanes. Choose the correct reason :

A.High air pressure
B.Low air pressure
C.Free from clouds and related weather phenomena
D.Windy conditions

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2023,

Answer: C

The reason is that the stratosphere is free from clouds and related weather phenomena.

The stratosphere lies above the troposphere and extends up to about 50 km. Clouds, rain, storms and other weather phenomena occur in the troposphere, so the stratosphere above is almost free of them. That gives calm, clear conditions ideal for aircraft.

Air pressure, high or low, is not the reason given for its suitability, and the troposphere, not the stratosphere, is where windy and turbulent conditions occur.

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Match the following pairs correctly :

Column I	Column II
A. Ozone layer	I. Troposphere
B. Radio transmission	II. Exosphere
C. Weather phenomenon	III. Stratosphere
D. Thin air	IV. Thermosphere

Choose the correct option :

A.A-II, B-III, C-IV, D-I
B.A-I, B-II, C-III, D-IV
C.A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
D.A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2023,

Answer: D

The correct option is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II.

The ozone layer is in the stratosphere and protects us from ultraviolet rays.
Radio transmission is helped by the thermosphere (its ionosphere reflects radio waves back to Earth).
Weather phenomena such as rain, fog and hailstorms occur in the troposphere.
The exosphere, the uppermost layer, has very thin air.

Option B lists the layers in their natural order without matching them, and options A and C misplace the ozone layer.

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The most important factor that influences the distribution of temperature on earth is :

A.Crowded high rise buildings
B.Insolation or Incoming Solar Radiation
C.Seasons
D.Asphalt of roads

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2024,

Answer: B

The most important factor is insolation, the incoming solar radiation.

The Sun is the source of almost all the heat at the earth's surface. How much of its energy a place receives depends on the angle of the Sun's rays and the length of the day, which change with latitude. That is why temperature generally falls from the equator towards the poles, and insolation is treated as the primary control of the distribution of temperature.

Seasons are themselves a result of changing insolation over the year, so they are not the underlying factor. Crowded high-rise buildings and asphalt roads only raise temperatures locally, as in an urban heat island, and do not decide the temperature pattern of the earth.

Discuss in Forum

What type of winds are Land and Sea breeze ?

A.Permanent winds
B.Cyclone
C.Local winds
D.Seasonal winds

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2024,

Answer: C

Land and sea breezes are local winds.

They blow over a small coastal area and reverse every day. By day the land heats faster than the sea, so the air over the land rises and cooler air moves in from the sea as a sea breeze. At night the land cools faster, and the breeze blows from land to sea instead.

Permanent winds, such as the trade winds, westerlies and polar easterlies, blow in the same direction all year over large belts of the earth. Seasonal winds, such as the monsoons, change direction with the season, not every day. A cyclone is a storm system that forms around a centre of low pressure, not a class of wind like the others.

Discuss in Forum

Read the following statements :

A. The areas bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle have moderate temperatures.
R. The mid-day sun never shines overhead on any latitude beyond the Tropic of Cancer.

Choose the correct option.

A.Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B.Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C.A is true but R is false.
D.A is false but R is true.

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2024,

Answer: B

The keyed answer is Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

A is true: the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle (and its southern counterpart) is the temperate zone, with moderate temperatures. R is also true: the mid-day sun is directly overhead only between the two tropics, so it never shines overhead on any latitude beyond the Tropic of Cancer.

The key does not accept R as the explanation because R is equally true of the frigid zone beyond the Arctic Circle, which is extremely cold, not moderate. What makes the temperate zone moderate is that the sun's rays there fall at an intermediate angle, more slanting than in the tropics but less than near the poles; R on its own does not say that. The options calling A or R false are wrong, since both statements are accurate.

Discuss in Forum

Read the following statements :

A. Hot air always rises up.
R. Hot air is denser.

Choose the correct option.

A.Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
B.Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C.A is correct but R is incorrect.
D.A is incorrect but R is correct.

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2024,

Answer: C

A is correct and R is incorrect, so the answer is A is correct but R is incorrect.

When air is heated it expands, so the same mass occupies more space. Its density falls, and the lighter warm air rises while cooler, denser air sinks and flows in to take its place. This is how convection currents and land and sea breezes form.

So hot air is less dense than cold air, not denser, and R is false. Because R is false, it cannot be the explanation of A, which rules out the first two options. A itself is the familiar fact behind hot-air balloons, so 'A is incorrect' is also wrong.

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The following is the weather chart of a city for different months. Which month will have the highest rate of evaporation?

Months	Temperature (°C)	Wind speed (m/s)	Humidity (%)
A	26	0.87	83.12
B	29	2.91	72.33
C	27	0.71	75.50
D	26	0.82	75.22

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2024,

Answer: B

The highest rate of evaporation is in month B.

Evaporation is faster when the temperature is higher, the wind speed is greater (moving air carries vapour away) and the humidity is lower (drier air can take in more vapour).

Month B has the highest temperature (29 °C), by far the highest wind speed (2.91 m/s) and the lowest humidity (72.33%), so all three factors favour evaporation in B. Month A has the highest humidity, month C the lowest wind speed, and month D a low temperature and low wind speed.

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10.

Why are cold deserts in India not affected by the monsoon?

A.Cold deserts have hot summers and extremely cold winters.
B.Cold deserts lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas.
C.Air is very thin in cold deserts.
D.Cold deserts are at a very high altitude.

Exam Year(s)

CTET - 2018,

Answer: B

Cold deserts are not affected because they lie in the rain shadow of the Himalayas.

India's cold deserts, such as Ladakh and Lahaul-Spiti, lie behind the main Himalayan ranges. The south-west monsoon winds shed their moisture on the southern slopes as they rise over the mountains, so little rain reaches the areas on the leeward side, which therefore receive very little rainfall.

Hot summers and cold winters, thin air and high altitude describe these deserts, but they do not explain why the monsoon rain does not reach them; the rain shadow does.

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