Sources and Classification of Pollutants Questions and Answers

Q: Ozone in air is :

Ozone in air is a secondary air pollutant.Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly by any significant source. It forms in the atmosphere when oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds react in sunlight, which is why it peaks on sunny afternoons downwind of cities, as part of photochemical smog.Primary pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, are emitted directly from sources. 'Tertiary' and 'fundamental' are not standard classes of air pollutant.

Q: Influenza, measles and mumps are .................. borne infections.

Influenza, measles and mumps are air-borne infections.All three are viral diseases spread by droplets and aerosols released when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks, and inhaled by others nearby. That is why they spread fastest in crowded indoor places and why measles, in particular, is highly contagious.Water-borne infections include cholera, typhoid and hepatitis A; food-borne ones include food poisoning by salmonella; and soil-borne ones include tetanus and hookworm. None of these routes is the main one for influenza, measles or mumps.

Q: Which of the following is a waste generated in the pulp and paper industry ?

The pulp and paper waste is Black liquor.In kraft pulping, wood chips are cooked in white liquor (sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide) to dissolve the lignin that binds the fibres. The spent cooking liquor, dark with dissolved lignin, is black liquor. It is the industry's main waste stream and is usually concentrated and burnt in a recovery boiler to regain chemicals and energy.Spentwash is the effluent of molasses-based distilleries, and filter cake (press mud) is a residue of sugar mills. Since neither belongs to the paper industry, 'All of the above' is wrong.

Q: Which of the following is not a nuclear disaster ?

The one that is not a nuclear disaster is Love Canal.Love Canal, at Niagara Falls in New York, was a toxic chemical waste disaster. Hooker Chemical had buried about 21,000 tonnes of chemical waste in an old canal bed, on which homes and a school were later built; the leaching chemicals led to evacuation in 1978 and to the US Superfund law of 1980.The other three were nuclear power plant accidents: Three Mile Island (USA, 1979, partial meltdown), Chernobyl (USSR, 1986, reactor explosion) and Fukushima Daiichi (Japan, 2011, meltdowns after the tsunami).

Q: What is the half life of \(^{131}\mathrm{I}\) ?

8 daysThe half life of iodine-131 is about 8 days, which is why it gives a short, intense dose to the thyroid after a nuclear accident. The values of 60 and 30 days and 12 years are not its half life.The other options, 60 days; 12 years; 30 days, are not the answer to this question. This agrees with the official final answer key for the paper, which gives option B.

Ozone in air is :

A.Primary air pollutant
B.Secondary air pollutant
C.Tertiary air pollutant
D.Fundamental air pollutant

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: B

Ozone in air is a secondary air pollutant.

Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly by any significant source. It forms in the atmosphere when oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds react in sunlight, which is why it peaks on sunny afternoons downwind of cities, as part of photochemical smog.

Primary pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and particulate matter, are emitted directly from sources. 'Tertiary' and 'fundamental' are not standard classes of air pollutant.

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Influenza, measles and mumps are .................. borne infections.

A.Air
B.Water
C.Soil
D.Food

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: A

Influenza, measles and mumps are air-borne infections.

All three are viral diseases spread by droplets and aerosols released when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks, and inhaled by others nearby. That is why they spread fastest in crowded indoor places and why measles, in particular, is highly contagious.

Water-borne infections include cholera, typhoid and hepatitis A; food-borne ones include food poisoning by salmonella; and soil-borne ones include tetanus and hookworm. None of these routes is the main one for influenza, measles or mumps.

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Which of the following is a waste generated in the pulp and paper industry ?

A.Black liquor
B.Spentwash
C.Filter cake
D.All of the above

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2021, SET Exam - 2021,

Answer: A

The pulp and paper waste is Black liquor.

In kraft pulping, wood chips are cooked in white liquor (sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphide) to dissolve the lignin that binds the fibres. The spent cooking liquor, dark with dissolved lignin, is black liquor. It is the industry's main waste stream and is usually concentrated and burnt in a recovery boiler to regain chemicals and energy.

Spentwash is the effluent of molasses-based distilleries, and filter cake (press mud) is a residue of sugar mills. Since neither belongs to the paper industry, 'All of the above' is wrong.

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Which of the following is not a nuclear disaster ?

A.Chernobyl
B.Love Canal
C.Three Mile Island
D.Fukushima

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2023, SET Exam - 2023,

Answer: B

The one that is not a nuclear disaster is Love Canal.

Love Canal, at Niagara Falls in New York, was a toxic chemical waste disaster. Hooker Chemical had buried about 21,000 tonnes of chemical waste in an old canal bed, on which homes and a school were later built; the leaching chemicals led to evacuation in 1978 and to the US Superfund law of 1980.

The other three were nuclear power plant accidents: Three Mile Island (USA, 1979, partial meltdown), Chernobyl (USSR, 1986, reactor explosion) and Fukushima Daiichi (Japan, 2011, meltdowns after the tsunami).

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Radioactive isotopes of which of the elements in human body decay every second ?

A.\(\mathrm{K^{40}}\) and \(\mathrm{C^{14}}\)
B.\(\mathrm{C^{14}}\) and \(\mathrm{N^{6}}\)
C.\(\mathrm{N^{16}}\) and \(\mathrm{K^{40}}\)
D.None of the above

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The radioactive isotopes of the elements in the human body that decay every second are potassium-40 and carbon-14, which make the body weakly radioactive. Nitrogen-16 is short lived and is not found in the body in this way, and there is no such isotope as \(\mathrm{N^{6}}\). So the first option is correct.

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What is the half life of \(^{131}\mathrm{I}\) ?

A.60 days
B.8 days
C.12 years
D.30 days

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

8 days

The half life of iodine-131 is about 8 days, which is why it gives a short, intense dose to the thyroid after a nuclear accident. The values of 60 and 30 days and 12 years are not its half life.

The other options, 60 days; 12 years; 30 days, are not the answer to this question. This agrees with the official final answer key for the paper, which gives option B.

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Which one of the following represents the correct Uranium decay series ?

A.Uranium → Radium → Radon → Polonium
B.Uranium → Radon → Radium → Polonium
C.Uranium → Radium → Polonium → Radon
D.Uranium → Radon → Polonium → Radium

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: A

The uranium decay series in the simple form of the question is uranium, radium, radon, polonium, option (A). Uranium decays through a series of steps to radium, radium decays to radon gas and radon decays to polonium (and further to lead).

Options (B), (C) and (D) place radon before radium or polonium before radon, which reverses the sequence of the decay.

In the full series uranium-238 passes through many intermediate elements such as thorium and radium before reaching stable lead-206.

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