Knowledge Representation Questions and Answers

Q: The number of arguments a complex term in prolog is called as its :

The number of arguments is the term's Arity.In Prolog a complex term (compound term) consists of a functor and a list of arguments, such as likes(mary, wine). The number of arguments is its arity; this term has arity 2, and predicates are written with it, as likes/2.An atom is a constant name such as mary. Numbers and constants are kinds of simple terms, not the count of arguments of a complex term.

Q: "If.......... then........." is defined in :

The key places 'If ... then ...' in Predicate logic.In predicate logic, 'if P then Q' is the implication \(P \rightarrow Q\), and knowledge is commonly written as implications over predicates, for example \(\forall x\, (\text{man}(x) \rightarrow \text{mortal}(x))\). Inference rules such as modus ponens then use these if-then statements to derive new facts.Conceptual dependency represents the meaning of sentences with a small set of primitive acts, and scripts represent stereotyped sequences of events (such as visiting a restaurant). Neither is defined by if-then statements, and 'Formal' is not a representation scheme.

Q: The ability to manipulate the existing knowledge representational structures to derive new structures, is known as :

The ability is Inferential adequacy.Rich and Knight list four properties of a good knowledge representation system. Inferential adequacy is the ability to manipulate the representational structures to derive new structures corresponding to new knowledge inferred from old.Representational adequacy is the ability to represent all the kinds of knowledge needed, inferential efficiency is the ability to direct inference along the most promising paths, and acquisitional efficiency is the ability to acquire new information easily.

Q: Which one of the following describes the syntax of prolog program ?I. Rules and facts are terminated by full stop (.)II. Rules and facts are terminated by semicolon (;)III. Variables names must start with upper case alphabets.IV. Variables names must start with lower case alphabets.Codes :

Statements I and III describe Prolog syntax.A Prolog fact or rule ends with a full stop, and variable names begin with an upper case letter or an underscore, while atoms start with lower case.A semicolon in Prolog means 'or' in the body of a rule and does not end a clause, and variables do not start with lower case letters. Rules such as grandparent(X, Z) :- parent(X, Y), parent(Y, Z). and facts such as parent(a, b). show the convention: a clause ends with a full stop and the variables X, Y and Z start with capital letters, while a, b and parent are atoms.

Q: Slots and facets are used in

Slots and facets are used in frames.A frame has slots for attributes, and facets describe properties of a slot such as its value type, range or default.Semantic networks use nodes and links, and rules use conditions and actions, so options A and C do not use slots and facets. A frame system describes an object by a set of slots, and each slot can carry facets such as its allowed values, a default, and procedures that run when the slot is read or changed (if-needed and if-added). This is the structure that distinguishes frames from the other representations in the question.

Q: What are the three competing requirements of a knowledge representation?

A representation must be able to say what needs saying, allow conclusions to be drawn in reasonable time, and be practical for a human or a program to populate, and improving any one generally worsens another. Logical properties and engineering qualities matter but are not the governing trade. Recognising that the choice of representation is a compromise between three incompatible goods, rather than a search for the best one, explains why so many representations coexist.

Q: Why does greater expressiveness usually cost tractability?

Full first order logic can express almost anything but its entailment problem is only semidecidable, while a propositional or a restricted description logic gives decidable and often polynomial reasoning. Storage and readability are secondary. Designers therefore choose the least expressive language that says what must be said. That the difficulty of reasoning rises with what can be stated is the single most important fact about representation, and it shapes every language in the field.

Q: What is a semantic network?

A semantic network represents objects and categories as nodes and relations such as is a and has part as labelled edges, which makes inheritance a matter of following links. Its appeal was diagrammatic clarity and its weakness a lack of precise semantics until later work supplied one. Distributed systems, neural networks and probabilistic graphs are different structures. A notation that is intuitive before it is formalised often needs the formalisation before its inferences can be trusted.

The number of arguments a complex term in prolog is called as its :

A.Arity
B.Atom
C.Numbers
D.Constants

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: A

The number of arguments is the term's Arity.

In Prolog a complex term (compound term) consists of a functor and a list of arguments, such as likes(mary, wine). The number of arguments is its arity; this term has arity 2, and predicates are written with it, as likes/2.

An atom is a constant name such as mary. Numbers and constants are kinds of simple terms, not the count of arguments of a complex term.

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"If.......... then........." is defined in :

A.Formal
B.Conceptual dependency
C.Predicate logic
D.Scripts

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2018, SET Exam - 2018,

Answer: C

The key places 'If ... then ...' in Predicate logic.

In predicate logic, 'if P then Q' is the implication \(P \rightarrow Q\), and knowledge is commonly written as implications over predicates, for example \(\forall x\, (\text{man}(x) \rightarrow \text{mortal}(x))\). Inference rules such as modus ponens then use these if-then statements to derive new facts.

Conceptual dependency represents the meaning of sentences with a small set of primitive acts, and scripts represent stereotyped sequences of events (such as visiting a restaurant). Neither is defined by if-then statements, and 'Formal' is not a representation scheme.

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The ability to manipulate the existing knowledge representational structures to derive new structures, is known as :

A.Representational adequacy
B.Inferential adequacy
C.Inferential efficiency
D.Acquisitional efficiency

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2020, SET Exam - 2020,

Answer: B

The ability is Inferential adequacy.

Rich and Knight list four properties of a good knowledge representation system. Inferential adequacy is the ability to manipulate the representational structures to derive new structures corresponding to new knowledge inferred from old.

Representational adequacy is the ability to represent all the kinds of knowledge needed, inferential efficiency is the ability to direct inference along the most promising paths, and acquisitional efficiency is the ability to acquire new information easily.

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Which one of the following prolog programs correctly implement “if G succeeds then execute goal P else execute goal θ ?”

A.if-else (G, P, θ) :- !, call(G), call(P). / if-else (G, P, θ) :- call(θ).
B.if-else (G, P, θ) :- call(G), !, call(P). / if-else (G, P, θ) :- call(θ).
C.if-else (G, P, θ) :- call(G), call(P), !. / if-else (G, P, θ) :- call(θ).
D.All of the above

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The program has to call G first, and if G succeeds commit to that choice with a cut, and then call P; only when G fails does the second clause run goal \(\theta\). Option (B) does this: call(G), !, call(P). Option (A) puts the cut before call(G), so the first clause is committed at once and the else clause can never run, even when G fails. Option (C) calls P before the cut, so if G succeeds and P then fails, the clause fails and the second clause runs the else goal as well, which is wrong. So (B) is right, and 'all of the above' is wrong.

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Which of the following is a knowledge representation technique used to represent knowledge about stereotype situation ?

A.Semantic network
B.Frames
C.Scripts
D.Conceptual Dependency

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Scripts are the knowledge representation technique used for knowledge about stereotyped situations. A script describes a standard sequence of events, such as going to a restaurant (entering, ordering, eating, paying, leaving), with roles, props and conditions, and allows a program to fill in what is not stated. The answer is (C).

A semantic network shows the relations between concepts, a frame holds the attributes of an object or a concept in slots, and conceptual dependency represents the meaning of a sentence by a few primitive actions. None of the three is aimed at a stereotyped sequence of events.

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Which one of the following describes the syntax of prolog program ?

I. Rules and facts are terminated by full stop (.)
II. Rules and facts are terminated by semicolon (;)
III. Variables names must start with upper case alphabets.
IV. Variables names must start with lower case alphabets.
Codes :

A.I, II
B.III, IV
C.I, III
D.II, IV

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

Statements I and III describe Prolog syntax.

A Prolog fact or rule ends with a full stop, and variable names begin with an upper case letter or an underscore, while atoms start with lower case.

A semicolon in Prolog means 'or' in the body of a rule and does not end a clause, and variables do not start with lower case letters. Rules such as grandparent(X, Z) :- parent(X, Y), parent(Y, Z). and facts such as parent(a, b). show the convention: a clause ends with a full stop and the variables X, Y and Z start with capital letters, while a, b and parent are atoms.

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Slots and facets are used in

A.Semantic Networks
B.Frames
C.Rules
D.All of these

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: B

Slots and facets are used in frames.

A frame has slots for attributes, and facets describe properties of a slot such as its value type, range or default.

Semantic networks use nodes and links, and rules use conditions and actions, so options A and C do not use slots and facets. A frame system describes an object by a set of slots, and each slot can carry facets such as its allowed values, a default, and procedures that run when the slot is read or changed (if-needed and if-added). This is the structure that distinguishes frames from the other representations in the question.

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What are the three competing requirements of a knowledge representation?

A.Expressiveness, tractable inference and ease of acquisition
B.Speed, memory efficiency and portability between different systems
C.Soundness, completeness and decidability of the logic
D.Readability, maintainability and testability of the code

Answer: A

A representation must be able to say what needs saying, allow conclusions to be drawn in reasonable time, and be practical for a human or a program to populate, and improving any one generally worsens another. Logical properties and engineering qualities matter but are not the governing trade. Recognising that the choice of representation is a compromise between three incompatible goods, rather than a search for the best one, explains why so many representations coexist.

Discuss in Forum

Why does greater expressiveness usually cost tractability?

A.Expressive representations cannot be stored in a database
B.Richer languages admit inference problems that are harder to decide
C.Expressive languages require far more memory to store their own sentences
D.More expressive languages are harder for people to read

Answer: B

Full first order logic can express almost anything but its entailment problem is only semidecidable, while a propositional or a restricted description logic gives decidable and often polynomial reasoning. Storage and readability are secondary. Designers therefore choose the least expressive language that says what must be said. That the difficulty of reasoning rises with what can be stated is the single most important fact about representation, and it shapes every language in the field.

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10.

What is a semantic network?

A.A neural network whose units correspond to meanings
B.A graph whose edges carry probabilities between the concepts
C.A graph of nodes for concepts and labelled links for relations
D.A network of computers sharing a common knowledge base

Answer: C

A semantic network represents objects and categories as nodes and relations such as is a and has part as labelled edges, which makes inheritance a matter of following links. Its appeal was diagrammatic clarity and its weakness a lack of precise semantics until later work supplied one. Distributed systems, neural networks and probabilistic graphs are different structures. A notation that is intuitive before it is formalised often needs the formalisation before its inferences can be trusted.

Discuss in Forum

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