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State and Individual Liberty Questions and Answers

1.

'Laissez faire' philosophy is an anti thesis of

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

Laissez faire, the doctrine that the state should leave the economy and society alone, is the antithesis of the welfare state, which takes responsibility for the social and economic well-being of its citizens. So the answer is Welfare State.

An interventionist state is also opposed to laissez faire, but the welfare state is the standard term used as its counterpart in the keyed answer. A repressive state and a soft state are different concepts, concerned with the use of force and with weak enforcement of rules, and they are not defined by their attitude to market intervention.

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2.

Concept of Rule of Law is fathered by

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The concept of the Rule of Law is credited to A.V. Dicey, who set it out in his Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (1885): no person is above the law, everyone is equal before the ordinary law, and the rights of individuals come from court decisions. Lord Ivor Jennings criticised and wrote on Dicey's idea, Babasaheb Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution and Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India, so none of them fathered the concept. The answer is A.V. Dicey.

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3.

Arrange the following thinkers in sequence of their era using the codes below :

(i) Karl Marx
(ii) A.V. Diecy
(iii) Rousseau
(iv) Hegel
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

The thinkers in order of their era are Rousseau (1712 to 1778), Hegel (1770 to 1831), Karl Marx (1818 to 1883) and A.V. Dicey (1835 to 1922), which is (iii), (iv), (i), (ii). Option B puts Dicey before Hegel and Marx, C starts with Marx, who lived after Rousseau and Hegel, and option D starts with Hegel before Rousseau. Rousseau wrote The Social Contract in 1762, and Hegel's Philosophy of Right appeared in 1820, which confirms the first two places. The answer is option A.

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4.

Assertion (A) : Freedom of speech and expression includes freedom of media.

Reason (R) : Media entertains and informs.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

Both statements are correct, but the reason does not explain the assertion. Freedom of the press is read into the freedom of speech and expression in Article 19(1)(a), and the media entertain and inform, so each statement is true by itself. The media are included in free speech because they are a means of expression and of receiving information, not because they entertain.

Option A says the reason is the explanation, which is wrong. Options C and D deny one of two true statements.

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5.

Assertion (A) : All persons are equal before law.

Reason (R) : All persons are equal.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: C

The assertion is true and the reason is false. Equality before the law, Article 14 of the Constitution, means that the law applies to everyone without favour, although people differ in wealth, ability and position. The reason claims that all persons are equal, which is not true in fact, and the principle exists because persons are unequal in many ways.

The options that treat the reason as true, with or without explaining the assertion, are wrong. The option that makes the assertion false is wrong because Article 14 states it.

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Direction for [ Question No: 6 To 6 ] :

The following questions contains two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Examine whether the statements are correct and related to each other with the help of the codes given below :

6.

Assertion (A) : Custodial violence is an unacceptable abuse of power by police and serious violations of human rights by them.

Reason (R) : Article 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the Fundamental Rights to life and personal liberty.
Codes :

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: A

Both statements are correct and the Reason explains the Assertion, which is option A. Custodial violence is an abuse of power and a grave violation of human rights, and Article 21 guarantees life and personal liberty, so custodial violence violates that fundamental right, which is exactly why it is a violation. D.K. Basu v. State of West Bengal (1997) is the Supreme Court case that laid down safeguards against custodial violence under Article 21. Option B is wrong because (R) does supply the explanation, and C and D are wrong because neither statement is incorrect.

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Direction for [ Question No: 7 To 10 ] :

G.W.F. Hegel completely changed the meaning of the civil society giving rise to a modern liberal understanding of it as a form of market society as opposed to institutions of modern nation state. Unlike his predecessors, the leading thinker of Romanticism movement considered civil society as a separate realm, a "system of needs" that is "the difference which intervenes between family and the State. For Hegel, civil society manifested contradictory forces. Being the realm of capital interests, there is a possibility of conflicts and inequalities within it. Man's choice is limited due to those inequalities. Hegel argued that those inequalities lead to a more efficient system on the whole. Karl Marx was a Hegelian. For Marx civil society was the base of productive forces whereas political society was the super structure. Agreeing with the link between capitalism and civil society, Marx held that the latter represents bourgeoisies. Therefore, the State as super structure also represents the dominant class. Marx rejected the positive role of State put forth by Hegel. This negative view about civil society was rectified by Antonio Gramsci. Departing from Marx, Gramsci located the civil society in the political super structure. He underlined the crucial role of civil society as the contributor of cultural and ideological capital. Rather than posing it as a problem Gramsci viewed civil society as the sole site of problem solver. Agreeing with Gramsci, The New Left assigned key role to civil society to defend people against state and market.

7.

Hegel felt

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: B

The passage says Hegel argued that the inequalities in civil society lead to a more efficient system on the whole, so Hegel felt that inequalities within civil society bring overall efficiency. Option A reverses cause and effect, since the passage says inequalities exist within civil society, and option C contradicts the line that man's choice is limited because of those inequalities. Option D is wrong because Hegel saw civil society as full of conflicts and inequalities. The answer is option B.

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8.

Marx was Hegelean because he

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The passage says Karl Marx was a Hegelian and then says civil society was for Marx the base of productive forces; it also says Marx agreed with the link between capitalism and civil society, which is the market society described by Hegel. So Marx agreed with Hegel's description of civil society as a form of market society. Options A and B are not reasons in the passage, and option C is wrong because the passage says Marx rejected the positive role of the State that Hegel gave. The answer is option D.

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9.

Marx considered

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The passage says that Marx held civil society to represent the bourgeoisie and that the State, as a superstructure, therefore also represents the dominant class. So the State is bourgeois because civil society is bourgeois in its representation. Option A denies that civil society is bourgeois, option B denies that the State is, and option C says each is independently bourgeois, whereas the passage derives the State's character from civil society. The answer is option D.

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10.

'New Left' supported the civil society because it

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2012,

Answer: D

The passage says that, agreeing with Gramsci, the New Left assigned a key role to civil society to defend people against the State and the market. So the New Left supported civil society because it supports people in case of trouble from the State or the market, option D. Option A says it creates a rift, which the passage does not state, option B speaks of a defence lawyer, and option C says that it is 'linked by Gramsci', which describes an influence and not a reason. The answer is option D.

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