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Uniform Plane Waves Questions and Answers

Direction for [ Question No: 1 To 1 ] :

Directions : The following items consists of two statements, one labelled the “Assertion (A)” and the other labelled the “Reason (R)”. You are to examine these two statements carefully and decide if the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are individually true and if so, whether the reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion. Select your answer to these items using the codes given below and mark your answer accordingly.

1.

Assertion (A) : Brewster angle is the angle of incidence at which there is no reflection.

Reason (R) : For parallel polarisation, Brewster angle is given by following expression :

\[\begin{aligned} \dfrac{E_{r}}{E_{i}} = {} & \dfrac{N}{D} \\ N = {} & \cos \theta_{i} + \sqrt{\dfrac{\epsilon_{r2}}{\epsilon_{r1}} - \sin^{2}\theta_{i}} \\ D = {} & \cos \theta_{i} - \sqrt{\dfrac{\epsilon_{r2}}{\epsilon_{r1}} + \sin^{2}\theta_{i}} \end{aligned}\]

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2014,

Answer: C

(A) is true and (R) is false. At the Brewster angle the parallel (p) polarised wave is not reflected at all, so the reflected field is zero. This makes the assertion correct.


The reason is false. The ratio printed is not the standard reflection coefficient for parallel polarisation: its numerator and denominator are made with unequal signs inside the root, so it cannot be used to read off the Brewster angle. The Brewster angle is the one at which that reflection ratio is zero, and it satisfies \(\tan\theta_{B} = \sqrt{\epsilon_{r2}/\epsilon_{r1}}\). Hence option (C).

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Answer: A

The surfaces of constant phase are parallel planes, and over each of them the field is uniform. It is an idealisation, since a real source produces spherical waves, but far from the source a small region of a spherical wave is very nearly plane.

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3.

In a uniform plane wave in a lossless medium the electric and magnetic fields are

Answer: B

The intrinsic impedance of a lossless medium is purely real, so the two fields rise and fall together. In a lossy medium the impedance acquires a phase angle and the magnetic field lags the electric, reaching forty-five degrees in a good conductor.

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Answer: C

It is \( \sqrt{\mu/\epsilon} \) for a lossless medium, about 377 ohms in free space, and it governs how much of a wave is reflected at a boundary. Being a ratio of a volt per metre to an ampere per metre, it has the dimensions of a resistance.

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5.

The phase velocity of a plane wave in a lossless medium is

Answer: D

Dividing the angular frequency by the phase constant gives this result, which in free space is the speed of light. In a dielectric of relative permittivity four and unit permeability it is half that value, so the refractive index is two.

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6.

The phase constant \( \beta \) of a plane wave is related to the wavelength by

Answer: A

Correct answer: \( \beta = 2\pi/\lambda \)

The phase constant is the phase advance per unit distance, and a full wavelength corresponds to \( 2\pi \) radians, so \( \beta = 2\pi/\lambda \) with units of radians per metre. It is the spatial counterpart of the angular frequency \( \omega = 2\pi/T \), and the phase velocity follows as \( v = \omega/\beta \).

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Answer: C

The cross product is the Poynting vector, whose direction is that of energy flow and hence of propagation. The three vectors form a right-handed set, which fixes the orientation of the magnetic field once the electric field and the direction are known.

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Answer: D

Applying the divergence conditions to a field varying only along the direction of propagation forces the component in that direction to be constant, and it must therefore be zero for a wave. This is why an electromagnetic wave can be polarised while a sound wave cannot.

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10.

The propagation constant of a wave in a lossy medium is written \( \gamma = \alpha + j\beta \), in which \( \alpha \) is

Answer: A

Correct answer: the attenuation constant, in nepers per metre

In \( \gamma = \alpha + j\beta \), the real part governs how the amplitude decays and the imaginary part how the phase advances: the wave varies as \( e^{-\alpha z}e^{-j\beta z} \). The neper is the natural-logarithm unit, so one neper is a fall to \( 1/e \) - and one neper equals 8.686 decibels.

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