Educational Studies Questions and Answers

Q: A small and primary social group is .................... .

The small, primary social group is the family.C.H. Cooley called a group primary when its members have close, face-to-face, lasting and intimate relations, and when it shapes the individual's early socialisation. The family is the first and clearest example.Peers can form a primary group too, but the family is the basic one. Co-travellers in a bus are only a temporary aggregate with no lasting relationship, and a WhatsApp group is usually large and impersonal, closer to a secondary group.

Q: As a part of social transformation ....................... made efforts in widow re-marriage.

The keyed reformer is Savitribai Phule.In nineteenth-century Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule worked with Jyotirao Phule against the oppression of widows. They supported widow remarriage, opposed the shaving of widows' heads, and opened a home where widows could give birth safely, to prevent infanticide. Her work for widows was part of a wider programme of social transformation, alongside girls' education.Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are known mainly for their spiritual and educational philosophy, not for a campaign on widow remarriage. Gandhi's main work was in the national movement, so the reformer the question has in mind is Savitribai Phule.

Q: Rabindranath Tagore founded the following three institutes :

Tagore founded Shantiniketan, Sriniketan and Vishvabharati.He started a school at Shantiniketan in 1901, set up Sriniketan in 1922 as an institute for rural reconstruction, and founded Visva-Bharati University in 1921 as a meeting place of cultures.Kala Bhavana, Sangit Bhavana, Vidya Bhavana and Shiksha Bhavana are departments within Visva-Bharati, not separate foundations. Gitanjali is his collection of poems, not an institute.

Q: In the former period of his life J. Krishnamurthy was concerned with the spiritual institution called .................. .

In his early life J. Krishnamurti was connected with the Theosophical Society.As a boy he was discovered at Adyar by Charles Leadbeater, adopted by Annie Besant and raised by the Theosophists as the expected World Teacher. The Order of the Star in the East was formed around him, but in 1929 he dissolved it, declaring that 'truth is a pathless land', and left organised religion.The Brahmo Samaj (Raja Rammohan Roy), Ramakrishna Mission (Vivekananda) and Arya Samaj (Dayananda Saraswati) were other reform bodies with which he had no such connection.

Q: As per Sri Aurobindo's idea of Integral Education the last stage of it is ................ .

The last stage of Integral Education is spiritual education.Sri Aurobindo and the Mother described integral education as having five aspects that develop the whole being: physical, vital, mental, psychic and spiritual. The spiritual stage, realising the higher consciousness beyond the individual, crowns the others.Psychic education is the stage before it, the discovery of the inner soul. 'Yogic education' and 'value education' are not names of stages in this scheme.

Q: According to Swami Vivekananda, the education is ................... already in man.

For Vivekananda, education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.His often-quoted definition is: 'Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.' He held that knowledge is inherent in every person and that the teacher only removes obstacles so that it can unfold.He gave a parallel definition of religion as the manifestation of the divinity already in man, which is why 'manifestation of the spirituality' is the close distractor. 'Concentration' and 'meditation' were means he valued, not his definition of education.

Q: The philosophy of naturalism came forward with reaction to .............. .

Naturalism arose as a reaction to idealism.Idealism treats mind or spirit as the ultimate reality and stresses fixed ideals, books and formal discipline. Naturalism, associated in education with Rousseau, rejected this: nature and matter are the ultimate reality, the child's natural development should guide education, and learning should come from experience rather than imposed authority.Realism and pragmatism share naturalism's interest in the real world and experience, so they are not what it reacted against. Existentialism is a twentieth-century movement that came long after educational naturalism.

Q: According to pragmatic philosophy, the values are .................. .

For pragmatism, values are experiential and subjective.Pragmatists such as William James and John Dewey hold that there are no fixed, eternal values. Values are made and tested in human experience; what works in solving problems is good, and values change as circumstances and experience change.So 'absolute' and 'eternal' values are the idealist view that pragmatism rejects. 'Objective' values existing independently of experience are likewise opposed to its position, even though pragmatism does value experimentation.

Q: Sankhya Dharshan was originally proposed by ...............

Sankhya darshan was originally proposed by Kapil (the sage Kapila).Sankhya is one of the six orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy. Tradition credits its founding to Kapila; its classical text is the later Sankhya Karika of Ishvarakrishna. It is a dualist system of two ultimate realities, purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (matter), and it supplies the metaphysics on which Yoga is built.Kanad (Kanada) founded the Vaisheshika school with its atomic theory. Patanjali systematised Yoga in the Yoga Sutras. Vyas (Badarayana in some traditions) is associated with the Brahma Sutra and Vedanta. None of them founded Sankhya.

Q: Pranayam is the .............. step in Patanjali's Ashtangyoga.

Pranayam is the fourth step of Patanjali's Ashtanga yoga.The eight limbs set out in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are, in order: yama (restraints), niyama (observances), asana (posture), pranayama (control of breath), pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and samadhi (absorption).So yama is the first step, niyama the second and asana the third. Pranayama follows asana as the fourth, once a steady posture has been established.

91.

A small and primary social group is .................... .

A.Family
B.Peers
C.Cotravellers in a bus
D.Whatsapp group

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The small, primary social group is the family.

C.H. Cooley called a group primary when its members have close, face-to-face, lasting and intimate relations, and when it shapes the individual's early socialisation. The family is the first and clearest example.

Peers can form a primary group too, but the family is the basic one. Co-travellers in a bus are only a temporary aggregate with no lasting relationship, and a WhatsApp group is usually large and impersonal, closer to a secondary group.

Discuss in Forum

92.

As a part of social transformation ....................... made efforts in widow re-marriage.

A.Swami Vivekananda
B.Sri Aurobindo
C.Mahatma Gandhi
D.Savitribai Phule

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

The keyed reformer is Savitribai Phule.

In nineteenth-century Maharashtra, Savitribai Phule worked with Jyotirao Phule against the oppression of widows. They supported widow remarriage, opposed the shaving of widows' heads, and opened a home where widows could give birth safely, to prevent infanticide. Her work for widows was part of a wider programme of social transformation, alongside girls' education.

Swami Vivekananda and Sri Aurobindo are known mainly for their spiritual and educational philosophy, not for a campaign on widow remarriage. Gandhi's main work was in the national movement, so the reformer the question has in mind is Savitribai Phule.

Discuss in Forum

93.

Rabindranath Tagore founded the following three institutes :

A.Shantiniketan, Geetanjali, Shikshabhavan
B.Kalabhavan, Sangeetbhavan, Vidyabhavan
C.Vidyabhavan, Sriniketan, Vishvabhavan
D.Shantiniketan, Sriniketan, Vishvabharati

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

Tagore founded Shantiniketan, Sriniketan and Vishvabharati.

He started a school at Shantiniketan in 1901, set up Sriniketan in 1922 as an institute for rural reconstruction, and founded Visva-Bharati University in 1921 as a meeting place of cultures.

Kala Bhavana, Sangit Bhavana, Vidya Bhavana and Shiksha Bhavana are departments within Visva-Bharati, not separate foundations. Gitanjali is his collection of poems, not an institute.

Discuss in Forum

94.

In the former period of his life J. Krishnamurthy was concerned with the spiritual institution called .................. .

A.Brahmo Samaj
B.Theosophical Society
C.Ramkrishna Mission
D.Arya Samaj

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: B

In his early life J. Krishnamurti was connected with the Theosophical Society.

As a boy he was discovered at Adyar by Charles Leadbeater, adopted by Annie Besant and raised by the Theosophists as the expected World Teacher. The Order of the Star in the East was formed around him, but in 1929 he dissolved it, declaring that 'truth is a pathless land', and left organised religion.

The Brahmo Samaj (Raja Rammohan Roy), Ramakrishna Mission (Vivekananda) and Arya Samaj (Dayananda Saraswati) were other reform bodies with which he had no such connection.

Discuss in Forum

95.

As per Sri Aurobindo's idea of Integral Education the last stage of it is ................ .

A.Spiritual Education
B.Yogic Education
C.Psychic Education
D.Value Education

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

The last stage of Integral Education is spiritual education.

Sri Aurobindo and the Mother described integral education as having five aspects that develop the whole being: physical, vital, mental, psychic and spiritual. The spiritual stage, realising the higher consciousness beyond the individual, crowns the others.

Psychic education is the stage before it, the discovery of the inner soul. 'Yogic education' and 'value education' are not names of stages in this scheme.

Discuss in Forum

96.

According to Swami Vivekananda, the education is ................... already in man.

A.Concentration of knowledge
B.Meditation on the spirit
C.Manifestation of the spirituality
D.Manifestation of the perfection

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: D

For Vivekananda, education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.

His often-quoted definition is: 'Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man.' He held that knowledge is inherent in every person and that the teacher only removes obstacles so that it can unfold.

He gave a parallel definition of religion as the manifestation of the divinity already in man, which is why 'manifestation of the spirituality' is the close distractor. 'Concentration' and 'meditation' were means he valued, not his definition of education.

Discuss in Forum

97.

The philosophy of naturalism came forward with reaction to .............. .

A.Idealism
B.Realism
C.Pragmatic
D.Existentialism

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: A

Naturalism arose as a reaction to idealism.

Idealism treats mind or spirit as the ultimate reality and stresses fixed ideals, books and formal discipline. Naturalism, associated in education with Rousseau, rejected this: nature and matter are the ultimate reality, the child's natural development should guide education, and learning should come from experience rather than imposed authority.

Realism and pragmatism share naturalism's interest in the real world and experience, so they are not what it reacted against. Existentialism is a twentieth-century movement that came long after educational naturalism.

Discuss in Forum

98.

According to pragmatic philosophy, the values are .................. .

A.Dynamic and absolute
B.Eternal and relative
C.Experiential and subjective
D.Experimental and objective

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2024, SET Exam - 2024,

Answer: C

For pragmatism, values are experiential and subjective.

Pragmatists such as William James and John Dewey hold that there are no fixed, eternal values. Values are made and tested in human experience; what works in solving problems is good, and values change as circumstances and experience change.

So 'absolute' and 'eternal' values are the idealist view that pragmatism rejects. 'Objective' values existing independently of experience are likewise opposed to its position, even though pragmatism does value experimentation.

Discuss in Forum

99.

Sankhya Dharshan was originally proposed by ...............

A.Kanad
B.Patanjali
C.Kapil
D.Vyas

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: C

Sankhya darshan was originally proposed by Kapil (the sage Kapila).

Sankhya is one of the six orthodox (astika) schools of Indian philosophy. Tradition credits its founding to Kapila; its classical text is the later Sankhya Karika of Ishvarakrishna. It is a dualist system of two ultimate realities, purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (matter), and it supplies the metaphysics on which Yoga is built.

Kanad (Kanada) founded the Vaisheshika school with its atomic theory. Patanjali systematised Yoga in the Yoga Sutras. Vyas (Badarayana in some traditions) is associated with the Brahma Sutra and Vedanta. None of them founded Sankhya.

Discuss in Forum

100.

Pranayam is the .............. step in Patanjali's Ashtangyoga.

A.First
B.Second
C.Third
D.Fourth

Exam Year(s)

MH SET - 2025, SET Exam - 2025,

Answer: D

Pranayam is the fourth step of Patanjali's Ashtanga yoga.

The eight limbs set out in Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are, in order: yama (restraints), niyama (observances), asana (posture), pranayama (control of breath), pratyahara (withdrawal of the senses), dharana (concentration), dhyana (meditation) and samadhi (absorption).

So yama is the first step, niyama the second and asana the third. Pranayama follows asana as the fourth, once a steady posture has been established.

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