Attention, Perception, Learning and Memory Questions and Answers

201.

In operant conditioning a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals is the case of

A.Fixed - ratio schedule
B.Variable - ratio schedule
C.Fixed - interval schedule
D.Variable - interval schedule

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

A schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals is a variable-interval schedule. The reinforcement depends on the passage of time, whose length varies from one reinforcement to the next, so the organism responds at a steady, moderate rate.

Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio schedules depend on the number of responses and not time, and a fixed-interval schedule reinforces after a fixed amount of time. Only the fourth option has time intervals that are unpredictable.

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202.

Read each of the following two statements Assertion (A) and Reason(R) and indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Learning refers to the modification of behaviour as a result of past experience.
Reason (R) : Experience is achieved through observation.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.(A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(R) is true, but (A) is false.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

Both statements are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). Learning is defined as a relatively permanent modification of behaviour as a result of experience, so (A) is true, and one important way of getting experience is observation, so (R) is acceptable.

However, experience can also be gained by direct participation, trial and error and many other means, so observation does not explain why learning is a change of behaviour caused by experience. The second option is therefore the answer.

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203.

A person had a blue car that was in the shop more than it was out. Since then the person could not think of owning a blue or green coloured car. The person's aversion even to green cars is an example of

A.Discrimination
B.Generalization
C.Latent learning
D.The overjustification effect

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: B

The person's aversion to green cars after a bad experience with a blue car is an example of generalization. The response, avoidance, learned for a blue car spreads to a similar stimulus, a green car.

Discrimination would mean responding differently to blue and green cars, latent learning is learning that is not shown in behaviour until there is a reward, and the overjustification effect is the loss of intrinsic motivation after external rewards. So the second option is correct.

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204.

Which of the following best describes the serial position curve ?

A.Greater accuracy of recall of words in the beginning of the list and in the middle of the list.
B.Greater accuracy of recall of words in the beginning of the list and gradual diminished accuracy by the end of the list.
C.Greater accuracy of recall of words in beginning and at end of the list.
D.Greater accuracy of recall of words in the middle and at the end of the list.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

The serial position curve shows greater accuracy of recall for words at the beginning and at the end of a list, the primacy and the recency effects, and poorer recall for the middle items. The third option states this.

The first option adds the middle to the beginning, the second describes a steady decline and so leaves out the recency effect, and the fourth leaves out the beginning, so each of them describes only part of the curve or describes a different shape.

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205.

Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the codes given below :

Assertion (A) : Working memory can hold a large amount of information even though it can retain only seven to nine items.
Reason (R) : Items in working memory contain several separate bits of information grouped together called chunks.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: A

Both statements are true, and (R) explains (A). Working memory can hold only about seven to nine items, but each item can be a chunk, several bits of information grouped together as one unit, so the total amount of information held can be large.

The reason therefore gives the mechanism by which the limited number of items can carry much information, so the first option is correct.

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206.

Three types of feature detector cells are

A.Simple cells, Glial cells, T-cells
B.Simple cells, Complex cells, Glial cells
C.Sensory cells, Hyper complex cells, T-cells
D.Simple cells, Complex cells, Hyper complex cells

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The three types of feature detector cells are simple cells, complex cells and hypercomplex cells, as found by Hubel and Wiesel in the visual cortex. Simple cells respond to lines of a given orientation in a fixed place, complex cells respond to movement of such lines, and hypercomplex cells respond to lines of a certain length and to angles.

Glial cells and T-cells are not feature detectors, and sensory cells are not a category of detector cells in this sense. The fourth option is correct.

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207.

The known stimulus elicits the ______ while the unknown stimulus elicits the _______.

A.Operant Behaviour; respondent behaviour
B.Operant Behaviour; Conditioned behaviour
C.Conditioned Behaviour; Operant Behaviour
D.Respondent Behaviour; Operant Behaviour

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The known stimulus elicits respondent behaviour, while the unknown stimulus elicits operant behaviour, which is the last option.

In Skinner's terms, respondent behaviour is a reflex that is drawn out by an identifiable stimulus, such as the salivation elicited by food. Operant behaviour is emitted by the organism, with no known eliciting stimulus, and is controlled by its consequences. The other options reverse the two terms or use conditioned behaviour, which is not the contrast Skinner drew here.

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208.

Escape learning involves

A.Instrumental conditioning with positive reinforcement
B.Classical conditioning with positive reinforcement
C.Classical conditioning with negative reinforcement
D.Instrumental conditioning with negative reinforcement

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

Escape learning involves instrumental conditioning with negative reinforcement. The organism makes a response, and the response removes an unpleasant stimulus that is already present, such as moving to the other side of a shuttle box to end a shock.

Removal of an aversive stimulus is negative reinforcement, and a response that produces a consequence is instrumental, so the options with positive reinforcement or classical conditioning are wrong. In classical conditioning the response does not remove the stimulus.

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209.

Given below are two statements are labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R). Indicate your answer using the code given below :

Assertion (A) : Subliminal or below threshold perception exerts an observable influence on various response parameters is not a controversial question.
Reason (R) : Subliminally presented emotional stimuli activate cortical areas that mediate emotional experiences.
Codes :

A.Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
B.Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C.(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D.(A) is false, but (R) is true.

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: D

The Assertion is false and the Reason is true, which is the last code, as the key gives.

The Assertion says that the influence of subliminal perception on response parameters is not a controversial question. In fact the effect of perception below the threshold has long been debated, so the claim that it is not controversial is false. The Reason, that emotional stimuli presented subliminally activate cortical areas which mediate emotional experience, is a reported finding and is true. The codes which call the Assertion true are therefore rejected.

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210.

Which of the following strategies do not help improve memory ?

A.Use of Mnemonics
B.Minimize interference
C.Mass learning
D.Elaborative rehearsal

Exam Year(s)

UGC NET - 2013,

Answer: C

Mass learning does not help improve memory. Massed practice crowds all the study into one session and gives poorer retention than distributed practice spread over time.

Mnemonics give structure and cues for recall, minimising interference protects the memory trace, and elaborative rehearsal links new material to existing knowledge. All three are accepted strategies for improving memory, so they are not the answer.

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